The first blow on reindeer breeding, a main source of employment of Saami on the Kola Peninsula, had happened in the time of rule under Nikolay II. The new railway, constructed in 1916, connected the mainland with Port Romanov-on-Murman (nowdays Murmansk). Thus, two populations of wild reindeer were forever cut off from each other. Since that time, everything continued to disturb the Saami traditional way of life.
During collectivization, all reindeer were confiscated from their owners and brought to the collective farm herds. Many Saami suffered reprisal by KNKVD in the unforgivable time of human tragedy between 1934 and 1937. Also, for reasons of state security, part of the Kola Peninsula was closed for grazing, quite close to the near border, near bases of the rocket-nuclear. Northern fleet.
During the Brezhnev's epoch, all Saami villages were transferred from a flooding zone as the result of building a Serebryansky hydroelectric power station. Beside, many small villages were simply liquidated as non-prospective. Neverheless, in stagnant 1981, the livestock of deer on Kola Peninsula had reached the greatest number-about 80,000 deer. During their notorious prominent time around 1913, there were 81,000 dear; and in 2006, the population of reindeer had dropped to only around 24,000!
In addition to an apparently shallow knowledge and little practice of reindeer herding, different methods used in herding until now may also also caused accumulating difficulties. The old herding methods practiced by the Saami meant that the reindeer were allowed to graze rather freely in the summer, and only in the winter was herding more intensive.
However, Komi arriving in the Lovozero area hundred years ago tended their herds continuously. Common methods of herding were developed after a Soviet collectivization, leading the Saami also to tend the herds through the year. However, unsuitable methods and increasing herds led to the destruction of pastureland.
Neverheless, another challenge for reindeer herding and meat production are competitive demands for land use. As witnessed in the area, seen in the changing traditions, and recorded on film and in research articles, the mining of minerals and heavy presence of military all over the Kola Peninsula poses a great threat to reindeer herding. Pollution, mining, military practices, and poaching by tourists and military from their numerous bases all hinder the natural grazing and migration patterns of the reindeer. .
According to JM Keynes, predicting is a difficult task, and of special difficulty is predicting a future. However, in order to project the security of human race, predictions need to be made. The Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR) has made a comprehensive assessment of the current Arctic populations including the Kola Saami.
However, according to Arctic macro-trends observable in the report, it is possible to forecast the future for the Kola Saami. A major trend in the Russian Arctic is a decline of population: in 2000, the average level of childbirth in Russia was 1.23, and in the Russian Arctic it was 1.17.
There has been a clear decline in the birth rate of the Russian Arctic indigenous peoples; from the 1960s, the birth rate has been steadily declining, and in 2000 was almost half of the 1960s numbers. The average life expectancy is only forty to forty-two years for a Kola Saami man. Moreover, the Russian Arctic is experiencing a population loss due to migration, which will likely curtail the economic, educational, and employment opportunities available in the region. The existing facts tell a sad tale of the decline of the Saami peoples, and these facts speak sad volumes and can not be disputed. History has taken its toll on the Saami.
However, the traditional livelihood of the Kola Saami (reindeer herding) is expected to have a good future according to director of the local slaughterhouse. The slaughterhouse owned by a Russian-Swedish company is a state-of-the-art facility in the affairs of Lovozero with a Swedish director who has created the current company based on principals imported from Sweden. He has successfully accommodated the working habits of the locals who work with reindeer, thus ensuring a good working atmosphere.
Hours of labor are flexible, but all workers are expected to show up at work in a working condition, meaning not under the influence of any alcohol. It's an example of how cultural obstacles can become to benefit all. The business is successful and is expected to become even more so in the future as the quality of meat is expected to improve with the privatization of reindeer in near future. Additionally, the company buys other products of the region such as berries, an extra livelihood for the locals like the Saami. This stimulates the integration of more money into the local economy. Traditional Saami cuisine may prove to be a great value local.
A manager of the Norfryss-Polarica slaughterhouse owned by the Swedish-Russian company confirmed that the company would prefer to buy the meat from private owners. The annual amount of meat purchased had been in decline. According to the manager, the reindeer herders would be more motivated in taking better care of the animals if they would get the income straight from the buyer and not from the ex-sovchoz companies.
Beside, a reason for decline in meat available to the market might be lack of knowledge in herding and deteriorating pasturelands. Some of the herders had adopted the profession recently. Thus, it is understandable that transit from city workers to reindeer herding does not happen overnight. These rookie herders who are new to the field are not Saami by their ethnicity, but rather are Russians, Komi and Nenets.
The Russians among them are a result of soviet policies of labor migration; and the Komi and Nenets are due to a great migration in the end of nineteenth century when an epidemic destroyed their reindeer herds in northwest Russia.

