Behind every book is a life, or lives, as is the case of the business title “Reimagining Japan.” Actually many lives, over 80 in total, including the editors that brought the book to life and published, during one of the most challenging eras in recent Japanese history.

When the earthquake reached Tokyo on the afternoon of March 11, Brian Salsberg was busily transmitting the final manuscript of Reimagining to an overseas printer. That wouldn’t be the last time the disaster and Salsberg’s book would cross paths. As news of trouble at a nuclear power plant in Fukushima began to develop, and the crisis deepened, Salsberg and his team agreed on a comprehensive revision and the results paid off. A book born in an hour of crisis was suddenly the book that many readers sought for answers.

Salsberg, not unlike the collection of essays he edited a year ago, has a natural gift for bringing Japan into sharp focus. A graduate of Cornell and Harvard Law School, Salsberg switched gears from corporate law practice to management consulting, and is the lead for McKinsey’s Consumer & Shopper Insights center. And in his last five years, he has also accumulated insights into Japan, some of which he shared with AsianTalks.

AsianTalks: Brian, you’re currently based at the Tokyo office of McKinsey. Tell us how you got there.

Brian: I started in our New York and New Jersey offices, where I was doing a range of different, interesting projects. In New Jersey I found myself doing more pharmaceutical and consumer products. Then I moved to Japan after having been with the firm for six or seven years.

And given the number of years you’ve worked at McKinsey, is it safe to assume you enjoy consulting far more than corporate law practice?

Brian: I do, I do. It takes a very long time as an attorney to really get involved in the strategy, and decision-making. As a young attorney you are called in after the big decisions have been made, to effectively put in writing the major terms of the deal, the transaction, whereas in consulting even as a young consultant you are front and center right from Day One.

I’m still at McKinsey because I love learning new things, helping individual executives achieve their goals, and I get to work with a really smart bunch of pretty diverse people, which makes coming to work fun and exciting every day.

Was it a difficult decision to move to Japan in 2007? How did you feel about relocating your family?

Brian: Yeah you know it’s funny. So McKinsey really encourages young partners to move away from their home office, because it’s really the way the firm sort of leverages our best practices around the world.

I wasn’t even thinking about it, but after I became a partner in 2006, they always take the new partner somewhere as a bit of a celebration, and also begin to explain some of the things we need to know as leaders of this firm. And it happened in that year that was in Bangkok and Cambodia. We had just had our second child, but we heard some really compelling speakers talk about the benefits of moving abroad, so that really led to a process of thinking through where to go. We looked at London, Shanghai and Tokyo, and having looked at all three, we fell in love with Tokyo, just as a place to live and raise a family. Two months later, we found ourselves here.

As a parent, what has it been like raising children abroad?

Brian: It’s been a fantastic experience. The biggest trade-off they’ve had to make is being apart from their family. That’s been difficult, even in the age of Skype and FaceTime. But the benefits have been pretty extraordinary. My daughter’s five so she grew up literally her whole life here, my son is eight, so they don’t know anything different, but it’s been fantastic for a bunch of reasons.

They understand Asia, they know where all the countries are, they’ve been to all these countries. I joke with my son – that he’s been to so many more countries than I have by the time he is eight, it took me until 38 to get there. And they’ve been everywhere, so that experience has been great. And even though they go to the American school, there’s a very diverse group of students there. If I look at their close friends, it’s a bit like the United Nations, which has also been great.

Also learning a different language and a different culture at that young age – even if they don’t retain all of it – has been terrific and you can even tell it in their accents. The way that they speak Japanese is much more native. So it’s been just a fantastic experience, and one that we’ve never really regretted at all.

Let’s talk about Japan. Would you say Japan is different from the rest of Asia?

Brian: From my observation, I absolutely believe differences exist. It’s not to say that all Japanese believe they are superior to others. However I do think in sort of everything that they do, there is at minimum a very deep pride.

If you look at the quality of living, the appreciation for sophisticated foods, products, and others, the politeness, the cleanliness, the respect for the elders, nature, all those things you hear about Japan are 100 percent true. You see that every day. And as a foreigner here you get the benefits of all that.

Secondly, I wouldn’t call it xenophobia, but certainly if you look at the Japanese stance towards immigration and letting others in here – I mean Japan is still one of the most homogeneous countries in the world. I think only 2 percent of Japan is non-Japanese. All these things end up being reinforcing, and on top of that, this is an island nation, which speaks a unique language amongst its people that nobody else speaks. And so when you add all of that together it’s not surprising some of these themes persist.

Has the expat community in Tokyo changed since the earthquake?

Brian: There was absolutely – and the facts support this – a very large exodus after March 11, 2011. A big percentage of people did not come back. It also served a little bit as an impetus for people who had been here for quite a long time, to also use that as bit of a reason to finally pick up and leave.

And you can see this in the attendance of the schools. There was an article about the German school really struggling so much that they were thinking about asking the German government for support.

The foreign clubs and some of the foreign restaurants have closed. As far as where they went it’s a combination of going back to their home country and seeking shelter in places like Hong Kong and Singapore, which are two of the most popular expat havens. And you can actually see getting into school for foreigners in those locations has become more difficult since the earthquake as well.

And what are your plans for the coming future?

Brian: My personal situation is it’s tough – because we love Japan and probably the only thing we don’t love about Japan is the aftershocks and tremors that have persisted, even over one year later, which could be quite nerve-wracking.

Nevertheless I think it’s fair to say that if you look at all the places in Asia where an expat can live – coming from a person who’s quite biased – I do think Japan would win hands down, and Singapore, Hong Kong are probably a very close second, but it’s still tough to leave here.

When you visit the United States from Japan, have you ever felt a sense of contrast between the two countries? For example, do you at times find stateside facilities lacking?

Brian: Oh absolutely. The example I use is the airport system. If you look at Haneda Airport, or for that matter Hong Kong, Singapore, the new Beijing airport, these are world-class, best-in-class airports across the board in every dimension.

Then you fly in as an American to JFK Airport in New York or Newark Airport in New Jersey, and you feel like you are in a third world, developing country with crumbling infrastructure, long lines, and terrible customer service.

That’s a very strange feeling, to feel that way, and it’s a very strange feeling when you come back and land in Japan, and you see half a dozen workers dressed in their perfect uniforms bowing to the plane at 6 o’clock in the morning, and people smiling, welcoming you, the politeness. And you think, “Wow. I’m happy I’m home.” It is a very strange feeling having been out this many years.

What has your food experiences in Asia been, are there any that would make us a little envious?

Brian: As far as food in Asia goes, food experiences here have been very fascinating, and I think it would make others cringe a bit, especially if they haven’t had a chance to try this, but when you’re with a bunch of Japanese execs, after a bit of sake they’re all convincing you that some of the best parts of the fish are the fish testis, and the fish eyes, you actually somehow are convinced to try it. So I’ve had both of those things and they are delicacies here. I have even had a chance to try Fugu, the blowfish, that if the chef doesn’t cut out the right part, it would kill you.

So I would say you definitely get a bit adventuresome here. But that being said the cuisine in Japan is the best in the world, and it’s not just Japanese food that we’re necessarily talking about here. In that sense if you like food, there’s really no better place to be than Tokyo.

Introduction

There has never been a better time to import a used car from Japan and save big dollars. Exports from Japan have been steadily increasing for the last three years as more and more dealers, wholesalers and private buyers around the world realize this great opportunity.

Reason #1: Wide product range: Due to the very competitive domestic Japanese car market, there are an abundance of models and manufacturers in Japan manufacturers including Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Fuji Heavy Industries (Subaru), Suzuki and Daihatsu.

Reason #2: K-class Mini Cars: This is a new type of car which has been created in Japan to address Environmental concerns, demand for fuel efficiency and the general the lack of space on Japanese roads. All K-class vehicles meet a specification which restricts the weight, engine displacement (maximum of 660cc) and exterior dimensions. K cars have excellent cost performance are in growing demand around the world.

Reason #3: Excellent Japanese road conditions: Despite the lack of space, Japanese roads are extremely well maintained meaning normal wear and tear which might be attributed to poor road conditions in other countries is not a problem in Japan.

Reason #4: Average vehicle age: The average age of all vehicles on Japanese roads is almost sure to be lower than most other countries. It is unusual to see cars older than 15 years on the roads at all. The Japan Automotive Manufacturers Association (JAMA) reports average vehicle age to be approximately 5.8 years.

Reason #5: Higher model specifications: Due to an abundance of models from each manufacturer and the Japanese penchant for new electronic and other gadgetry, the specifications of a Japanese vehicle produced for the domestic market will usually be much higher than foreign-produced equivalents. This means you can buy a Japanese export model with all the features you like for the same price as a base model bought domestically.

Reason #6: Low mileage: Most Japanese live in cities which lack space and are very dense in terms of population. Since everything necessary to live a comfortable life is within close reach for the typical Japanese, domestic drivers average mileage is typically less than half that of other countries. The Japanese Motor Vehicle Inspection Registration Association reports average mileage for Japanese domestic drivers to be around 9,000km annually. American drivers, on the other hand, drive and average of 19,000 kms each year.

Reason #7: Relative cost: Even after taking into account costs such as freight and local compliance it is almost always cheaper to import a used car from Japan than to buy an equivalent used car locally. There are several reasons for Japanese exports being so cheap, primary amongst them is the mandatory Japanese vehicle safety inspections which effectively increase the cost of ownership as the vehicle ages.

Reason #8: Excellent resale value: Japanese cars, particularly Toyota and Lexus, generally hold much more of their value over the lifetime of the product than foreign counterparts such as Ford and GM.

Reason #9: Highly efficient automated auction systems: Instead of purchasing from private sellers or through local used car dealers whose reputation and business practices may be circumspect, used Japanese cars may be purchased at wholesale prices through very efficient auction houses run by Toyota, Nissan and other reputable companies. Each vehicle placed into an auction is photographed, inspected and graded and this information is useful, accurate and available to potential buyers.

Reason #10: No need to deal with sleazy local used car salesmen: It is an unfortunate fact that the used car industry around the world has the reputation of being filled with unsavory types who deceive and lie in order to gouge their customers on every deal. Whether this is true or not, buying a Japanese export car removes the need to deal with these individuals at all.

Reason #11: Japanese cultural habit of always buying new: Typical Japanese drivers are loathe to buy a car that someone else has used, regardless of the value proposition inherent in doing so. Thus Japanese customarily purchase new cars every 5-7 years, creating a pool of high quality, low mileage, high-spec used cars ready for resale around the world.

Reason #12: No need to waste time and money with private sellers: It is well know that buying a used car from a private seller is sometimes a good way to find a bargain, but this kind of purchase may be quite risky for a buyer who is not mechanically inclined. It can also be very time consuming dealing with private sellers, trying to schedule meetings and test drives and traveling around town to inspect vehicles which are often not as advertised. .

Reason #13: Abundance of Japan-based used car exporters and specialists: Since Japan represents the second largest vehicle manufacturing country in the world and the number of exports from Japan are growing every year there are many exporters and specialists who can assist you in sourcing and exporting your car. Due to the number of people vying for your business you can choose an exporter that you like and gain very competitive pricing as well.

Reason #14: Japanese safety regulations: The Japanese roadworthy testing system is a positive for two reasons: (1) All Japanese vehicles are subjected to exhaustive bi-annual testing and mechanical checks to ensure they are well maintained and (2) gaining roadworthy (called Shaken in Japan) usually costs a lot, artificially inflating the ongoing running costs year by year as the car gets older. The latter is one of the primary reasons Japanese drivers trade up to a new car so quickly and so often.

Reason #15: Increasing shipping capacity and shipment options: Many vehicle transportation companies are increasing their capacity to freight both new and used vehicles from Japan due to growth in this market. For individuals wishing to purchase 2-4 cars at a time shipment by container is also an option which may be faster, more secure and possibly cheaper depending upon the destination port.

Reason #16: Availability of objective information: On the internet today there are many automotive review sites dedicated to the provision of accurate, timely and objective data for all types of Japanese cars. It is no longer necessary for individual buyers to rely on salespeople or manufacturer marketing literature to gain an accurate understanding of specifications, prices and vehicle conditions prior to purchase.

Reason #17: Auction assessments and evaluations: Every auto auction house in Japan performs mechanical tests and assessments by trained technicians prior to entry of the vehicle at auction. These evaluations are very detailed and accurate and include all pertinent information along with grading for the exterior and interior of the vehicle.

Reason #18: Flexible payment terms: While most exporters prefer to be paid via telegraphic transfer, credit card/paypal payments and payments via letter of credit are becoming more common. Most exporters are open to alternative payment methods and the foreign buyer may also consider escrow services if hesitant about sending large sums of money abroad for the first time.

Reason #19: No need to speak Japanese: Due to the huge market which has developed in used Japanese car exports there are many people from many different nations involved in this business. Buyers from Pakistan can communicate with exporters in Urdu. Buyers from Russia can speak in local dialects with Japanese exporters in Northern states, where Russian speakers are common. Almost every Japan-based exporter speaks English too. You do not need to worry about communication problems.

Reason #20: Availability of parts: While Japanese domestic models are usually higher spec than their foreign-manufactured equivalents the fact that so many Japanese manufacturing plants exist around the world mean that common parts for popular vehicles are likely to be available cheaply in local markets. In the event that a part is not available domestically, there are many parts specialists who can help in locating a required part.

Reason #21: Trucks, buses ands machinery also available: While used cars are currently the most popular automotive export, sourcing of buses, trucks and machinery is also becoming more common. Japanese trucks are mostly purpose-built, while those manufactured in other countries are not. Thus it is possible to obtain the perfect truck for the job at hand by exporting it from Japan. Once again, the quality and value of these items exceeds what could normally be attained locally.

Conclusion

Buying a new or used car from Japan is a great way to get your dream car and save money doing it. Although it may not be the quickest way to buy, more and more satsifed buyers are taking advantage of this great opportunity. Since the purchase of a car is usually a major decision and an expensive proposition, exporting your next car from Japan is definitely worthy of consideration.

Learning English in Japan differs from learning Spanish, French, or German in America. Many Americans take foreign language classes at school, learning vocabulary and grammar, practicing all four language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. American language education faces problems. Many Americans speak English, and only English. Many Americans do not have sufficient time in the foreign language classroom to learn a new language. Japanese spend more than enough time in the classroom to learn a foreign language. Japanese face a different problem: Foreign language education lacks balance.

In Japan, students learn grammar and vocabulary much as Americans generations ago learned Latin. While this situation is slowly changing in Japan, students who want to learn to communicate in English generally have to go outside the normal school system to study languages in private language schools. Many Americans and other native English speakers teach in such schools. The students come to use English, to practice what they know. Many teachers in these schools have materials provided for them, but many teachers also need to create their own materials. In this article, we would like to present a topic that we have found of interest to students in Japan: alternative American lifestyles.

Read alternative American lifestyles and you may immediately think of the ways that people can live based on religion, sexual identity, or other factors. We are only talking about people who live on boats or in RVs. Many Americans live on boats or in RVs across America and around the world. In Japan, people do not appear to live on boats or in RVs. Most Japanese are very interested in different lifestyles. Below is the information that we have used in our classes:

Boat Life

Although most people in the United States live in houses and apartments, a significant number of people live on boats. In some ways, life is different from living on land. Land dwellers do not need to think about checking that the boat is securely tied to the dock or having the barnacles scraped every six months.

We call people who live on boats liveaboards. Liveaboards do what most other people do, going to work, attending school, and listening to music. Their lifestyle is unique in that water surrounds their homes. Liveaboards can enjoy living on water near an urban environment, seeing birds on the dock, and watching them fly overhead. Sitting on the deck and watching the moon at night is a lovely boat experience. Listening to the water lap gently against the side of the boat can make each day feel just like a holiday.

When a storm comes though, the same water may seem like a roaring ocean about to attack.

Being a liveaboard can present other problems. Boats can have leaks, grow mold, or become damp. Forget about crispy pretzels. On a boat, you’re more likely to have slightly dampish pretzels if you don’t eat them right from the store. The dampness from the water permeates the boat, making staying warm in the winter a challenge.

Liveaboards also have the great advantage of flexibility. If you want to go someplace, you just take your boat. Going inland can be difficult though.

RV Life

Drive around Japan and you will probably see small RVs, which are recreational vehicles. They are little cabins on wheels for camping with space for sleeping, showering, and cooking. RVs in America are usually much bigger; some have toads. A toad is slang for a car that you tow behind your RV. Drive somewhere in a 40-foot RV, which is a fairly standard size, and you will probably not want to drive the RV if you have to go grocery shopping or run errands. The toad is the answer and many people with RVs have toads. We think the word “toad” comes from “towed.” RVs come in many sizes, some under 20 feet and some about 40 feet.

Not that long ago, most RV owners were senior citizens. Now, in the 21st century, however, Americans from babies to senior citizens live and travel in RVs. Some RVS are simply for vacations, but many people actually live in their RVS, traveling around the United States and Canada. If you live in an RV, America is your home. There is always something new to see or do.

If you ever travel to Japan and teach English there, you may want to think about teaching alternative lifestyles like these.

Learn Japanese effortlessly! You know that you attract more bees with honey. That is, you’ll get what you want by being polite to people. Just think about the last time you flew on an airplane. The attendant didn’t order you to fasten your seatbelt. Instead, I’ll bet she said, “Please fasten your seatbelt.” This Lower Intermediate Japanese article shows you how to make very polite requests in Japanese. You’ll master the many ways that the Japanese phrase o ~ kudasai can be used to politely ask for what you want. Being polite in Japanese is extremely important, so learn how to ask for anything nicely here.

Vocabulary: In this article, you’ll learn the following words and phrases:

migigawa – “(the) right side”

kinchoo suru – “to feel nervous”

hikooki – “airplane”

bin – “flight”

yotei – “plans, arrangements, schedules”

keitaidenwa – “cell phone, mobile phone”

dengen – “power switch” (electronics)

zaseki – “seat”

tsuuro – “aisle, passage”

kyakushitsujoomuin – “a flight attendant, a cabin attendant”

ririku suru – “to take off”

Grammar: In this article, you’ll learn the following words and phrases: Today’s grammar point is “o ~ kudasai.” This phrase expresses a very polite request. The three examples below are very polite requests to the passengers from a flight attendant.

1. Today’s Example 1: Shiito beruto o o-shime kudasai. “Please fasten your seatbelt.”
2. Today’s Example 2: Keitaidenwa no dengen mo o-kiri kudasai. “Please turn off your cell phone, too.”
3. Today’s Example 3: Furaito o go-yukkuri o-tanoshimi kudasai. “We hope that you have a pleasant flight.” (literally, “Please enjoy your flight.”)

Formation

o + V masu stem + kudasai

Examples:

1. O-kutsurogi kudasai. “Please make yourself comfortable.”
2. O-kuchi ni awanai kamo shiremasen ga, Doozo o-tabe kudasai. “I’m not sure if you’ll like it, but please try it.”
3. Kondo no paatii wa, o-tomodachi mo zehi o-sasoi kudasai. “Please be sure to invite your friends to the next party.”
4. Iranai mono o o-uri kudasai. Nan demo kaitorimasu. “Please sell any items you don’t need to us. We’ll purchase anything.”

Located to the southeast of Tokyo, Kamakura is on the itinerary of almost all tourists. Once upon a time it was the political capital of the country. Later its glory as a capital was lost to another city, but it remains a favorite tourist destination.

Kamakura has numerous attractions which bring tourists to this small city in great numbers, usually as a day-trip from Tokyo. Located in an open, picturesque location, is the second tallest bronze Buddha statue in Japan. It is 13.35 meters high and is second to the one in Nara’s Todaiji temple. The temple for the goddess of mercy, Kannon, sits in Hasendera. The 9.18 meters tall goddess has eleven heads representing its various characteristics. Adjacent to the temple is the Amida-do Hall, which houses a three-meter tall golden Buddha. From there you can visit the observation deck that offers a splendid view of the city, and back at the base of the slope lies a lovely garden with a temple – Benten-do – dedicated to the goddess of feminine beauty and wealth.

Kamkura’s most prized shrine is the Tsurugaoka. It is dedicated to Hachiman, the Samurai god. The main hall has a museum which displays swords, masks and documents – true treasures of the shrine. Out of the five Zen temples of Kamakura, Engakuji temple is most famous. The temple grounds include Shariden, a well designed hall where rests a tooth of Buddha. Engakunji lights up colorfully during autumn.

The beaches of Kamakura come alive with people in the summer months, while millions of people gather in the historic city to witness the New Year celebrations. In the spring, it is a custom for the Japanese to visit the Zeniarai Benten shrine to wash money. It is believed that by doing so the money doubles – worth a shot.

Shoes were meant for the outdoors. In Japan, this is especially true. Shoes are simply not worn inside the house. This ensures that the cleanliness of the home is kept.

Most of the Japanese houses and apartments have a special area in the entryway to remove your shoes, called “genkan”. The genkan is usually an area of the floor that is lowered near the entrance. (That way, if you stub your toe, you will remember to take off your shoes.) Even restaurants and businesses adopt this concept of cleanliness.

Some places might have cubbies instead of the genkan. In public areas, you will probably see shoe lockers. These often come with keys that you can get by inserting a coin (usually a 100 yen coin).

Replacement slippers are often available for indoor usage, and separate slippers are offered specifically for the bathroom. Expect the slipper sizes to be smaller than usual…unless you have small feet.

Shoes are also a way for Japanese people to judge your character. If your shoes look messy and not straitened together, you will be perceived as a slob. Of course, the Japanese would never tell that to your face. That would be too rude.

Also remember that your appearance in whole will be judged as a reflection of who you are. If you dress neatly, you will be more likely to be well received.

How to arrange your shoes:

1. Take your shoes off

2. Align them parallel to each other

3. Face the front tip towards the door

4. Wear the slippers (if available)

I was drinking with Fred in one of those cheap places with the little red lanterns outside, signifying cheap food and drink, the drinks being alcoholic. Focusing on peacefully solving the problems of the world, we were caught off guard when a drunk homed in on us. Living in Japan, Westerners often exert a magical magnetic influence, attracting drunks and the mentally challenged. Free of all self control and getting redder and redder by the moment, Jiro Hamasaki welcomed us like long lost brothers, Christian brothers, as he mixed his Japanese and English, repeating over and over that he loved America, was a Christian, and loved us. I didn’t have the heart to tell him I wasn’t religious and Fred didn’t say anything. Not speaking to drunks was one of Fred’s mantras.

We called for the check, beat a hasty retreat, and ducked into a coffee shop a few hundred meters away. We asked for beer, the only alcohol the coffee shop served, and Fred began his theory on Japanese Christians. “A limited number of them were actually born into Christianity and grew up with it due to their Christian parents or other family members. I can understand that. What I can’t understand is the others. So few Japanese become Christians, in spite of all the missionaries and the English conversation classes missionaries use to attract potential converts. So, why do these few become Christians?”

I knew this was a rhetorical question, but I thought I would try and get a word in anyway. I opened my mouth, but Fred continued, “I know that some of them do not fit in Japan. These people are lonely, becoming Christians to be part of a community. What I can’t understand is how they can turn their backs on what I think is the true religion of Japan- being Japanese.

I opened my mouth again, but the monologue continued, “Being Japanese is a religion in and of itself: Shinto for birth, Buddhism for death, Japanese holidays and festivals in between with some visits to Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples for weddings, memorial ceremonies for the deceased, and so on. Combine all that with a belief in Japanese culture, the secure knowledge that Japan is a unique country, and the even more secure knowledge that the Japanese are a unique people, you have the religion of the Japanese- being Japanese.

I tried to say something, but I should have known better. Fred changed tack in midstream, “Actually I take that back. Being Japanese is actually stronger in terms of faith than most of the Western religions. How else could we have beliefs such as Japanese snow being unique and not fit for Western skis, people from other countries being unable to speak Japanese, and Japan being the only country in the world with four seasons.”

I finally managed to break in to Fred’s monologue, “Japanese don’t really believe that Japan is the only country with four seasons.”

“They don’t?” Fred shot back. Then why do Japanese always say that Japan has four seasons as if having four seasons were unique?”

I didn’t have a good answer to that. Fred’s statements may have gone a little bit overboard, but he did have the gist of the matter right. Being Japanese was almost like a religion due to the beliefs involved. Most Japanese put a lot more into being Japanese then many Americans who claimed to be religious put into their religion. Being Japanese may not be a religion like Fred claimed, but it definitely meant subscribing to a strict set of beliefs and rules.

What’s the best way to go about teaching English in Japan? The good news is that there are quite a few. Some of them even offer you a free plane ticket!

I’m probably biased here, but I’d say the best English teaching job in Japan is the Japanese Government’s JET Programme. That’s how I first came to Japan. It stands for “Japan Exchange and Teaching” Programme, and although you will probably be in schools teaching English for several hours a day, the main aim of the programme is to get local communities used to foreign faces. Just imagine if in your town back home no one had ever seen someone of a different race or culture, only on TV. Well that’s what most of Japan is like. You’re basically paid to be a foreign face!

The JET programme brings over several thousand people every year and disperses them all over Japan, from the snowy north of Hokkaido to the tropical south of Okinawa. And no, you usually can’t choose where you’ll be! Although you can give a preference. The government also pays for your flight over.

It is a great job, but it’s very much “every situation is what you make it”. If you’re independent, can come up with ideas to spend your time and abilities, and have the patience and people skills to open people’s eyes but at the same time respect their thoughts and positions, it’s the job for you.

Otherwise you might consider a straight teaching job, without any of the “internationalization” responsibilities. If you were wanting to speak Japanese, you’d want to learn from a native Japanese speaker, wouldn’t you? And it’s the same in Japan, people want to learn English from real native speakers. These “eikaiwa” jobs, as they are known, are plentiful in Japan. As the pay and conditions aren’t always super wonderful they are sometimes refereed to as “mac jobs”, but if you are the sort of person to make the most of any situation it’s a great chance to visit an exotic country, meet the people and get paid for it.

The top of the chain is to start your own school. That’s probably a little way off for you yet, but it always pays to have a long term goal!

In any case, enjoy your time here. It’s a great place to live and teaching English in Japan is a fantastic way to give something back.

“Difference is a concept you must own, deepen and further put into practice.”

(H. Lefèbvre)

In export business, success depends, among others, on the ability of managers to understand and manage differences of culture and society. Understand means, above all, to be able to put oneself in someone else’s place and to be tolerant. In Asia, in Japan, time (long-term relationships) and family (group spirit) are perceived differently. Insecurity comes from the fact that all the facts are not known to the manager, hence the need for export specialists.

In Japan, the obstacles to the conclusion of a business are mainly of two types:

1) the dynamism and sophistication of a highly competitive market, explaining the need to offer a range of quality products, adapted to consumer needs (difficult customers), innovative and competitive in price;

2) socio-cultural barriers, present at the negotiation stage. We will develop hereunder this aspect of the problem.

Broadly speaking, an international negotiation has four characteristics:

1) its duration: in Japan, decision making is slow, but its execution is fast, the company wishing to know in depth the potential partner;

2) its fragility: the interpretation of an agreement may be different depending on the socio-cultural value system or the partner may simply not be in good faith;

3) the complexity of the issues dealt with;

4) the risks, many elements not being known or controllable.

In the particular case of Japan, it should also be emphasized the importance of the initial investment, not only in terms of capital, but especially in terms of continuous efforts.

The country of the Rising Sun is a country with strong cultural context: the Japanese retain a wealth of information on people and maintain, through an extensive network of friends, colleagues, customers, suppliers, close personal relationships. The ideal communication is indirect (subtle hints), non-verbal (else, suspicion) and emotional (frequent in commercials).

The four pillars of Japanese culture might be:

1) collectivism: the “karaoke” is a good demonstration of team spirit;

2) a strong hierarchy, often based on seniority, synonymous of experience and wisdom;

3) an accurate control of the uncertainty, in order to create a sense of security in the society;

4) a strong division of roles between genders: although the situation has been changing, part-time roles and OL “office lady” jobs for women remain widespread.

Moreover, Japan is a country of monochronic culture, individuals generally doing only one thing at a time. Therefore, pursuing an objective will always be done in stages (“junban” in Japanese) and Japanese will usually not be allowed to leapfrog.

During a mission in Japan, the export manager will be hosted by a group of negotiators, often prepared and well organized. Group work will be done according to several principles:

1) identify the problem rather than who to blame, the objective is not to punish, but to solve together all the problems and overcome obstacles.

2) not rest on one’s laurels: constantly question oneself (“kaizen” or continuous improvement process) and progress step by step carrying out slight changes; markets changing quickly, the Japanese have learned to continuously improve their product lines.

3) take collective decisions, involving and committing all team members. Fully briefed, members will be more able to enforce the decision later. With the aim of a good collaboration, the Japanese have also at heart to integrate all members in their group, in order to bring order and serenity.

4) remain specialized: gradually improve what is on going, rather than doing several things at a time (monochronic culture). Decisions on diversification will therefore be slow. It is also a way to avoid the unknown.

Japan being a country with strong cultural context, personal relationships must be developed and maintained. To do so, one should:

1) learn about each other by sharing some free time (during a mission, for example) so as to build mutual trust. This need to socialize (“karaoke” evenings, golf, restaurants) exists once there is adherence to a group, as soon as a business flow is created.

2) visit clients, as often as possible, in order to strengthen ties, which also helps to understand, listen to and anticipate customer needs: this is also part of the service!

The Japanese system has peculiar characteristics at three levels:

1) the Japanese society: it is characterized by a high degree of competition, either between individuals (witnessed by the ruthless entrance exams to high schools and universities) or between firms (in order to satisfy demanding customers); in addition, work relationships (and others) are established in the long term, justifying therefore high levels of investment;

2) the Japanese company: the hierarchy of power is undisputed, but the leader’s role is to maintain group cohesion, rather than a decision-making role; therefore, decisions are usually made by consensus, but the leader may occasionally have to guide a (less experienced) member and then to take decisions for him.

3) the Japanese negotiator: generally dislikes arguments; very sensitive, he strives to avoid conflicts for the sake of harmony; in western eyes, the Japanese (unlike the Chinese) is not a “great negotiator”: his strength is in the group cohesion and he prefers a balanced agreement that lasts in the long-term; finally in Japan, the concept of silence has another meaning: it is either a sign of consideration / reflection, either the expression of discomfort (with a smile) or even of a disagreement (gloomy faces).

Negotiating a contract, in Japan, usually takes a long time (unless there is a pressing need) and requires extensive travel. The steps are the following: product presentation, sample dispatching, first test order, evaluation by the customer (delivery time & product quality), the actual order if all goes well. Everything looks like a ritual until the signature of the contract, decision making being rather formal: there will be automatically agreement, when there are no more objections/questions left (consensus).

The principles of intercultural communication can be illustrated by an analogy to Sumo wrestling:

1) the wrestler comes in and throws a handful of salt in order to purify the ring: no negotiation can start without a proper exchange of business cards (“meishi”). Indeed, the purpose of these cards is to tell the other side your hierarchical status (your rank in the company or the organization). The Japanese will try to remember and pronounce your name correctly, and if he speaks to you in Japanese, he will use the “polite expressions” suitable to your rank. The inclination of the bows will be another sign.

2) the referee acts as an intermediary as well to obtain a contact (the practice of being introduced by a third party is widespread and is one of the rules of etiquette in Japan) as to unlock that negotiation at a later stage (the use of a third party allows to contain clashes caused by a disagreement). The Japanese beware of strangers and like to gather information (this is not only curiousity) in order to reduce uncertainty.

3) wrestlers face each other with their fists on the ground and focus in order to better understand the enemy: nothing concrete will come out of the first meetings during which you will be screened and analyzed. Great listeners, the Japanese record as much information as possible and are willing to take the time (time has another dimension than in Europe) to prepare a file. Decision making is slow, but its implementation can be very quick. Commitments are long term and are considered as final.

4) the winner is the one who has knocked down his opponent. In fact, if the deal is fair, there is no clear winner: the Japanese always prefer a good compromise, well balanced for both sides and focused on the long term. Moreover, in a problematic situation, they try not to lose face themselves (this is also the case in everyday life), nor to let their opponents (which they respect usually) lose face.

5) the Japanese give greater value to harmony than to truth: they are reluctant to engage in an argument that can conduct to create unrest within a group or between two parties.

6) the feeling of obligation to a person who has served them well (gratitude and loyalty are important values) can be a powerful drive in their behavior. Every act is rarely disinterested in Japan.

7) before and during the negotiation, there are no friends: there is a business to be made in the best conditions. Like a baseball tournament, the team is braced in one single direction: the goal.

Practically: how to negotiate a contract?

The establishment of initial contacts is the first phase. The company will participate in trade fairs and missions sponsored by the relevant authorities. Through the Embassy, the economic and commercial attachés, official agencies and other intermediaries, introductions following the right protocol can take place. Under these optimal conditions, the Japanese will feel compelled to receive you (otherwise courtesy visits) and will, perhaps, put a valid interlocutor at your disposal.

Never show impatience, sign of weakness in their eyes. Indeed, the Japanese need time to learn about their potential partner. They will ask for references. You should use this time in order to perform your own investigations. Collect as much data as you can.

The first interview will be rather an observation round. After the exchange of “meishi”, each side will listen to the presentation of the other, without interrupting. The Japanese have a great ability to listen, they often double check facts (indirect communication). They are also finding out if they can trust you. The challenge is to ensure a balanced exchange of information: the Japanese will only give you the information you deserve.

It is best to ask yourself many questions. As non-verbal communication, eyes, gestures, facial expressions can say more than words (the Japanese have often the ability to better hide their emotions) and are, as such, revealing. At this stage, it is better to present only an outline of your proposals. Do not progress without getting something in return.

Comes then the active phase of the negotiation. Trust having been established, the decoding of the positions of the parties remain difficult: the Japanese avoid key issues from the start and therefore avoid a frontal attack on the potential disagreements (only mention pricing towards the end). Be sure to earn the trust (and approval) of the whole group and not of the leader only (group decision).

As technicians & engineers usually tend to agree with each other more easily, constructive dialogue must begin between them. Make sure the first concessions are made simultaneously, in order to avoid being considered as the weaker partner. In fact, you must convince them of your ability to meet the needs and requirements of their business.

Remain focused. It is always better to repeat several times, so that the message is correctly understood. It is useless to bargain or to put them under pressure. The Japanese have no gift for haggling and may lose confidence & trust.

Japanese businessmen often use an interpreter:

– either to give themselves some reflection time;

– either to understand the entire message (desire to master every detail of the discussion).

They like to have a clear picture of their interlocutors, that is, to be able to classify them with certainty (based on the “corporate image”), hence the interest to continue the meeting outside (in bars).

Finally, in Japan, the practice of exchanging gifts is everywhere: by doing this, the Japanese show their commitment to an already established relationship (notion of “Relational Maintenance”). Carry out a constant follow up. The negotiation will be long: it is your resistance and consistency which will be tested.

Of course, you always need a bit of luck in business. Poor communication will lead, without mistake, to failure. The road is long and bumpy (copyright issues, exclusivity, abnormally low level of sales). It will lead, hopefully, to a letter of intent between both parties.

It is above all a question of trust between people. Imagine that you have to go to Japan in order to ask the father of your girlfriend (Japanese) for the hand of his only daughter. You will need to persuade and please. Better bring gifts and have good references. Especially be patient at all times and keep smiling.

Anyone that knows a thing or two about Stratocasters should know about the famous Japanese series of Fender guitars. Perhaps the younger generation will not have come across these as they will be more acquainted with the Made in Mexico range of instruments that followed the discontinuation of the Japanese line.

History

The story of Fender Japan starts in 1982 when FujiGen Gakki were chosen to manufacture Fender guitars for domestic sale in Japan. When it came to inspecting the Japanese manufactured Fenders, Dan Smith, Director of Marketing at the time is attributed with saying: “Everybody came up to inspect them and the guys almost cried, because the Japanese product was so good – it was what we had been having a hell of a time trying to do.”

CBS, the company that owned Fender at the time was losing market share due to falling standards in their Made in America instruments and in 1984 sold Fender to Bill Schultz who had been president of Fender under CBS. However, this buyout did not include production facilities and so for much of 1985 no USA models were manufactured.

This led to the import of Japanese Fender models, which accounts for up to 80% of Fender sales in the USA around this time.

Made in Japan (MIJ)

Commonly referred to as FujiGen era instruments, these models were manufactured between 1982 and 1997 carry the “Made in Japan” stamp.

The earliest Japanese models made from 1982 onwards, which include the series JV, SQ and some of the E series were made to a very high specification utilizing USA Electronics and Alder bodies. These have been considered to be better than USA quality Fenders.

The later models utilized basswood and Japanese electronics, which have also been favourably reviewed, but are generally considered to be a little below the quality of the USA made parts. However, these models are considered to be far above the quality of their Made in Mexico counterparts.

Crafted in Japan (CIJ)

After around 1992, an expansion of production and the requirement to produce other guitars at the FujiGen factory led to alternative subcontractors being employed in the process of manufacturing Fender guitars.

There had been an arrangement between Fender USA and Fender Japan that if the manufacturing were to move out of FujiGen then the “Made in Japan” stamp would be changed to “Crafted in Japan”.

“I was told by a former Fender Rep that the necks were made one place and the bodies another, while the electronics were made in yet another. I was told that the contract with Yamoto stated if any major subcontractor was to be changed the weaning process would have to take place (MIJ to CIJ). They call it the “Squire countdown.” ” – http://xhefriguitars.com/

As I understand it this would be to move away from Made in Japan imports and help to differentiate between the USA made Fenders and the Japanese counterparts and also because the Mexican factory was just firing up which would bear the stamp “Made in Mexico”.

MIJ vs CIJ

There is a lot of speculation on this area and I would not like to say whether MIJ or CIJ are better. I have seen a lot of experts profess that there is no real difference in the quality of the MIJ or CIJ guitars, however I have also heard people say that the MIJ models are better because the manufacturing in the FujiGen factory was better.

But that sounds a bit wooly to me. Most likely people think that MIJ guitars are better because the earliest FujiGen era Fenders were a higher spec (USA electronics and Alder bodies). Nonetheless, Made in Japan guitars from 1986 onwards as far as I know are the same specification as the Crafted in Japan guitars.

I do think that the MIJ guitars have a greater legacy than the later CIJ ones. If nothing else I prefer the MIJ guitars simply for being MIJ guitars.

Note: There is some overlap between MIJ and CIJ between 1992 and 1997 so be aware of this when dating your instrument. Use the serial number coupled with the Made in Japan / Crafted in Japan stamp.

Highest Quality Fender Japan Models

JV, SQ and E-series

As mentioned in the prior section, the earliest Japanese models made from 1982 onwards, which include the series JV, SQ and some of the E-series were made to a higher specification – using USA Electronics and Alder bodies in many cases. These are the most sought after models from the entire Fender Japan era.

Domestic vs Import

I don’t understand this part that well, but a further complication is that the guitars that Fender Japan made for their home market are sometimes a higher quality than those models made for export.

From what I know, export/import guitars (sometimes easily distinguished by an EX stamped somewhere inside the instrument) were made with a Poly finish and Japanese electronics. There exist domestic designs that have a Nitro finish and USA electronics.

Special High Quality Fender Japan Designs

EXTRAD – Custom Made

Custom Shop

Limited Edition

If you own a MIJ/CIJ guitar and want to check the serial number you can do so on the official Fender page at: http://www.fender.com/en-GB/support/articles/japanese-instruments-product-dating/

Hopefully this answers any questions that you might have about the Fender Japan guitars.