The question of good and evil is intimately linked with God’s and man’s nature, as is to be suspected. We have seen that God is a spirit who has a spiritual soul, mind, and body.
Man also is a spirit, soul, mind and body, but the body is material. From these come four aspects.
The mystic says, “God is good because He truly loves us. Only His love is far higher than ours.” However this kind of emotionalism is bound to run dry. We cannot be high on God all the time as if He were dope. Our spirits must lift us up regularly and our mind must give us reason. If we try to live on emotions only then we will soon find out that we lose heart. For what will we say if sorrow upon sorrow hits us. That God has lost His love? To escape from such an impasse one might embrace fideism (spiritual faith only). However fideism by itself is a dry, emotionless, impractical, though suprarational attitude towards God. To withdraw into an ivory tower of adamant faith is escapism. Our bodies, minds and emotional souls must participate in the flights of the spirit. If we do not see a practical purpose, or rational explanation, we must still believe though that God does. Paul says that, “… all things combine to work for the good of those that love God ( Rom.8:28)… ” This is divine purpose in the practice of our daily lives. To say in a fideistic manner that God simply is good, no matter what He allows or does, is bound to let our heads bang into a wall of concrete reality.
On the other side of the balance there is the rational attitude that God is good because He has a rational reason for everything. However if we bank on rationalism too much then we will soon run out of reasons to believe in God’s goodness. Our minds cannot grasp everything, not by far. If we demand complete rational understanding, we are really trying to reduce God’s mind to ours. To escape the tension of rationalism one might embrace some kind of pragmatism. “God is good because everything serves a practical (material) purpose. Now pragmatism is very practical, but to try to find it in every event is also an impossibility. If you make yourself too dependent on material practicality, then you are really trying to make God the slave of your pleasures. However the Bible says, “As heaven is higher than the earth, so my ways are higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts ( Is. 55.9) “
Therefore we must combine material practicality, reason, emotion and spiritual strength in order to lay a good foundation for our faith. All four together can help us to cling to God. If we rely on reason only we will end up concluding with the deists that God just is not able to help us any better, or that He simply does not care about us. For if He were almighty He would not allow anything to go wrong. However we have already judged that such a God is a mad genius. If He is almighty but does not care about us, that makes even less sense. For what kind of a God is it that first creates us only to subsequently abandon us? Both forms of deism really imply that God is guilty, one way or another. But it is clear that if we are at the mercy of a psychopathic God that there is no hope for us at all. We had better become atheists then. However then we land in the following vicious vortex. For if there is no God, then the world was made by chance. But chance will destroy us in the end again. Atheism offers even less hope. Whereas deism is a break away from the truth, atheism is a double break. Whereas the deist more or less still believes that good and evil are absolute things, the atheist considers them relative. Good is simply that which serve practical purposes.
In nihilism there is even no difference between good and evil. And in some forms of existentialism good and evil are ignored or declared non-existent. Many atheists reason that evil does not exist in us, but it is the system that is rotten. However if we are so good, why then did we create a rotten system? If we are innocent than our forefathers are evil who made the system. But if they were evil, why aren’t we? Clearly this is a contradiction in terms.
On the intrinsic side of the scales a similar glide into despair takes place. If we overaccentuate the mysterious and emotional side of God’s love, we are likely to wind up saying with pantheists that there is some kind of hidden, mysterious link between good and evil. For clearly if the world emanated out of God, rather then was created by Him, then we have inherited the problem of evil from Him. God and evil ultimately must form a secret ununderstandable harmony in Him. Somehow evil must be necessary, and somehow God knows how it all adds up. However if this is true then it must be argued that God is schizophrenic. There is no hope in an equivocal and labile madman. We cannot expect any kind of stability from a dualistic God. This kind of pantheism is emotional escapism, childish naivete. God cannot be partially evil, for good and evil are absolute things, infinitely more unreconcilable than fire and water. To escape from this tension one might embrace the following kind of spiritism. There have been polytheists that have claimed that good and evil are just human concepts, and ignorant at that. Good and evil are chimerical appearances, illusions really, caused by the mirror play of empty phenomena. God or the gods are neutral, they are altogether beyond good and evil. But if this is really true then it just does not make any difference whether somebody kills his wife, or honors her. Here we can see that philosophy is truly ancilla theologiae, the handmade of theology. Logic, a philosophical discipline, clearly shows us that if a=1 then a≠2. If God is good than He cannot be evil. If I am falling from a roof, I cannot at the same time be going upwards. Without clear thinking we cannot distinguish between God and Satan, good and evil. Eastern religions that believe in the emptying of the mind, have very poor logical thinking indeed.
For your information we will discuss in short. Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism. Followers of these religions believed in a dualism of matter and spirit, equated with evil and good respectively. For them good and evil exist from all eternity. One day the good God will vanquish the evil one. But if these two uncreated gods have co-existed already an eternity past then what hope do we have that the good one will win out in the future (eternity)? Clearly the good one must be the stronger for there is more good in nature than evil, for else they would cancel each other out. But if the good god is so mighty than why hasn’t he overcome yet? What guarantee do we have that he will overcome? And even if he turns out the conqueror, then evil can crop up again any time. For how could one eternal god destroy another one completely? Or how could he hold him in prison for ever? Also if they are already enemies for an eternity the good one will never be able to convert the baddie into a goodie. It is evident that these religions hold out little hope for us if any.
Another view is the following. There are certain theologians that claim that God and Satan are two figures of the same reality. God “plays the devil” only in order to test us to see whether we really will adhere to the good. This kind of dualism is a mix-up of pantheism and monotheism, whether these divines proclaim themselves as monotheists or not. Is it justice for God to send a family into the gaz chambers of Auschwitz just to see whether they will cleave to Him? What kind of a mephitic actor is this? What kind of a God is it that does not shrink from posing as Mephistopheles to a degree that shatters all moral equilibrium?
But the bible declares soberly, ” Let nobody that is being tempted say, “I am tempted by God?” for God cannot be tempted by evil, and He Himself tempts no one. But everybody is tempted being lured out and baited by his own desire. Then desire, having conceived, brings forth sin, and sin having been completed fully, produces death (James 1.13-15).”
Further there is the gnostic view that finiteness implies sinfulness. God gave us finite bodies to teach our eternal spirits how good it is to be fully one with Him. Clearly this kind of theory makes God the author of sin. We are hardly, if at all, responsible for our actions in this case.
Let us now see how God’s all-goodness and all-powerfulness must be kept in balance. Also all His other qualities play a role here. For if God is not infinite in all of them (omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent and so on) then He is unable to oversee and control all the consequences of His acts. That means that something could go wrong, yes, even is bound to go wrong. That would make Him responsible for the ensuing evils. God’s goodness and allness go together, for if He is limited He is not able to be all-good. In that case He must commit unresponsible acts. And if He is not all-good, then he will produce omnipotent evil. Clearly the bungling god of deism is a travesty, and the halfhearted god of pantheism is psychotic. The big bang god of atheistic materialism, and the neutral god(s) of occultistic polytheism are not at all good and powerful. The one is nothing but a supreme material law, the other nothing but the “non-existent”state of Nirwana.
Whereas deism holds to God’s goodness and pantheism claims that in God good and evil are a mysterious ensemble, both are identical in that they connive at evil. One simply cannot be perfect, therefore we must “just” make the best of it. Christ however said, “Be perfect as your Father is perfect Who is in heaven (Mt. 5.48).” Also we are clearly not fully responsible under these two corrupted set-ups. In atheistic existentialism and nihilism and polytheistic occultism, things are worse. They are identical in their indifference towards good and evil. The former says they are totally relative or even non-existent, the latter that they are but the illusive intimidations of “maya”, the illusion of the material world, consisting of fleeting, temporal images. Both converge into the same pandemonium.
The hidden motivation behind all these foul- ups is the desire to replace the real God with an idol, and to put the blame directly, or indirectly, upon Him; when we cannot enjoy our own god as well as we would like. As said in the beginning, the rationalist idolizes reason, the materialist pleasure, the mystic emotion an the occultist the power of his spirit. All these idolaters implicate God in, if not equal Him, with the problem of evil. However everybody, in his heart, is aware that good is good and bad is bad. Good is not just better than bad. Even satanists distinguish between good and evil, only they try to reverse them. God does not will sin. He only wills the possibility of sin. He has to do this apparently or else we would be pushbutton do-gooders. We would be robots, rather than responsible, self-motivated beings. The sin of idolatry is that we ourselves try to play God. But our tiny weeny ways only make us ridiculous. We only confirm God in them, but in a negative way. Therefore we must honor God in a positive way, hail Him as our Creator and pray for His help.
“But,” somebody will say, “if God is good, why then are we inclined to commit evil?” Apparently He did not create us well. ” However that leads us again to either a mad genius that has botched us up, or to a treacherous two-faced hypocrite, or worse. Therefore there is only one solution to the problem of evil. We must face the fact that we, humans, are fully responsible. For if God is to blame, then there clearly can be no hope at all. This universe will end in total disaster, or at best remain riddled with rottenness. If God is not perfectly good, then certainly I do not have to be. Or do you think that you can outdo your Maker?
It has been argued that a governor, who has it in his power to stop a conspiracy, has the responsibility to do this. Therefore an omnipotent God is accountable, just like a human. Since He does not, then He cannot be good in our sense of the word. But this is nothing but defiance. If God is not good in our language, then He isn’t good in any. God is love! But when you preach this there are always people that start objecting. “Why are there wars, murders, famines, earthquakes, psychotic diseases!? If God is so loving and sympathetic, why does He allow so much sorrow?” There is only one viable conclusion. We have all brought it down upon ourselves. Wars, dirty politics, and other crimes are clearly perpetrated by homo sapiens. If you try to excuse the criminals, and we are all that in major or minor ways, with psychological reasons to the effect of us having been made the way we are, and so on, where then do you end up? Back in the garden of Eden, where our first parents chose Satan as their “liberator”. Ever since He is the god of this world. What other conclusion is there? Do you want the god of deism, pantheism, or dualism? For sure I want the God of the Bible. He is stable, cannot change into evil, for He is immutable. He is omnipotent, and so on. That is the God that can come to our aid.
“But why hasn’t He helped us, and solved all our problems yet? The world bathes in blood already for millennia! “. Let me tell you why. Because we keep ignoring him, that’s why. God does not want to be taken for granted. If the entire world would go on its knees, and beseech God en masse for mercy upon our stubborn sins, then, I tell you, he would send the heavens immediately and poor out blessings!
It was Dostojewsky’s problem that innocent children had to suffer. He could not see God’s righteousness in that. And of course nobody can. God is not righteous because little girls are raped, but because He will punish the men that do it. And He will wipe the tears away, one day, off of all those that have come to Him for comfort. God allows evil to push our nose into the excrements that we leave behind us everywhere. But we seem to be puppies that just refuse to become housebroken. Hegel, the well known philosopher, said that “History teaches us that man does not learn from history.” “But why does God allow all kinds of evil?” My answer is that God cannot allow any kind of evil. But He suffers us for a time. Where would God have to draw the line anyway? At theft and murder? Or already at the thought of theft and murder? But the wish is the father of the act. We must clean house in our own hearts. that is where all the trouble starts. But rest in peace, God will not allow this world to go on for ever in its God ignoring, defying and self-congratulating sideshows. For now God has given the earth to us. If we want to turn it into a hell, that is our business. But He will not suffer our games forever!
One more thing to conclude the subject of good and evil. The bible states the following: ‘Forming light and creating darkness, making peace and creating evil; I the Lord do all these things.’ Before I enter upon this most difficult subject I want to affirm that God in Christ Jesus is light and life and love and the way (the only way) and the truth. Christ is the morning star that appears when all other stars fade. Therefore He is the only superstar and nobody can come to God the Father but through Him. Why then does it say here that God creates (actually IS in the process of creating [the participle is used]) evil, as if He might be the author of sin? Horrible thought. But it does not say that, most blissfully. It implies that He is the author and source of evil, but not the author of sin. We humans and angels turn evil into sin and so miss the intended goal of our existence. How great than is God’s grace and Christ’s Love, that Christ was made SIN for us, as if He were the cause of our sin, yes of our sinful nature, of our original sin!! Thus we will be free for ever…
Solomon stated that God decided to dwell in darkness, but it also says that the darkness is light to God. And so, even in the worst evil, God sees something of His own light. This seems to imply that humans and angels are incapable of perverting themselves to such a degree as to drain out anything good (however as far as the old nature, the old Adam, is concerned, we are 100% corrupted). Remember that it says ‘the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.’ It does not say that it is the tree only of evil. However the point is that Adam and Eve wanted to decide and determine themselves what is good and what is evil, thus making themselves independent of God. What makes it complicated is that the word for ‘evil’ is also used for what is sinful, as well as for calamity–as in the case of Job. But notice that He is creating evil, not making or doing! The knowledge of evil is infused by the conscience, and thus looking at it with the mind, I am aware of the consequence, viz. of sin. Adam and Eve, before the Fall, were innocent; they did what is good naturally and were free of sin. After the Fall we have landed in a grey and muddy pit, out of which God wants to raise us through the efficacy of the Holy Spirit. Hallelujah! Let it be very clear however that God does not tempt anyone, let alone seduce. We are in the first place tempted by our own desire.
Having said this I go out of my way to expressly state that I am not advocating some kind of pantheistic notion of good and evil as being two sides of the same coin, as if the divinity is at odds with itself and contradicting itself. It cannot be said strongly enough that the godhead is absolutely indivisible. ‘Hear Israel, I am ONE.’ Even though one might sum up in eternity an infinite array of characteristics of the godhead, at the same time it must be affirmed that the divinity is absolute simplicity. Nor do I propagate the notion of evil being the absence of good (privatio boni), according to scholasticism. Sin, in the end, is the absolute godhating rebellion against anything good in the Lord Jesus Christ. And the bible shows that this is the end of human history as far as sin is concerned.
In Hebrews 1.1 it says that God has finally spoken through the person of His Son the Lord Jesus, who is the effulgence of His glory and the express image of His substance. Both in the O.T. and the N.T. there was a progressive revelation taking place. This seems to coincide with God’s ‘forming light and creating darkness, making peace and creating evil.’ Catholic theologians will scoff at me for believing that matter, yes the entire planet earth, and, yes, even the heavens became tainted by the respective falls of the devil and of Adam. But why does Peter state, then, that all the elements will burn up melting and that the earth and all its (evil) works will be found out? Why, actually, will God create a new heaven and earth, if the old one is not so damaged and tainted that it will be rolled up like a mantle? That gnostic sects with their so-called knowledge or science, against which the apostle Paul warns, like the one of the Manichees, turn this truth into something desperately foolish and even sinful (as the bible itself states that there were those that perverted the scriptures), that does NOT mean that sin and evil are limited to the will. Also our intellect and even our very bodies are subject to a broken and rebellious world. (But glory be to God that Christ has triumphed over Satan and sin and even death [in principle, as it is the last enemy to be made subject to Christ]).
Satan, as the highest angel, as the covering cherub, was the ultimate show piece of God’s creation, according to the relevant scriptures in Ezechiel 28 and Isaiah 14. God even spurs the writer to say that one must take up a dirge for him! After all he was God’s most original creation… Further, by the way, the bible states clearly that the lake of fire (the second death as the ultimate hell) was made for the devil and his angels (those that followed him in his rebellion). Thus, eternal hell was made after Satan’s fall. And he desires to drag as many people along with him as possible.
And here we tread on occult and perhaps even holy ground. Satan turned evil into sin. He is called by the Lord the murderer of humans and the liar from the beginning (from his fall) and the father of a liar. The Lord also states that he saw Satan fall to earth as a flash of lightning. Yet I dare say that in all this God Himself played the devil to the devil, so to speak. As He that is creating evil, He tested the devil who subsequently fell in hubris and then turned his pride into full-blown sin. Satan did not guard his heart. He looked at his own greatness instead of the infinite greatness of God. And so evil became angelic sin and sinfulness. As said before, Satan was 999 along with all the angels (do not ask me how he could be the highest form of 999; perhaps 999.999 [just joking]; what counts is that angels are 999 by their unfallen nature, just as those born of Christ through the Holy Spirit are 888 as to their new nature: it is a question of character). He did not have a disadvantage over against the elected and holy angels. He could have stood firm and triumphant. Did God seduce him then? No, He tested him, just as He tests all angels and all of us. As I said, here we tread on occult and even holy ground as far as Satan and God are concerned. The above scripture in which the Lord Himself calls Himself the One in process of creating evil and darkness, is further best left alone, I think. One could involve yet the vision of the prophet Michah in this and the first two chapters of the book of Job, but the hidden things, as it is also written, belong to God! Yet it is obvious from the bible that Satan threw the glove before the holy countenance of the Lord and the Lord in His wisdom took up the challenge. And to his chagrine the devil finds out that time and time again it all works out for the best of those that love God. All ad maiorem Dei gloriam. The devil cannot do anything against the express will of the Almighty. Augustine posed that fallen angels are set in their will. That must mean as much that they have no freedom or liberty left (ultimately). But the bible teaches that humans also are bent on evil and sin, since the fall of Adam, through whom sin came into the world. Note, sin and transgression (not evil!) came into the world through Adam. Sin is lawlessness, according to the apostle John.
Evil, in the above verse (Isaiah 45. 7), seems to be some kind of possibility to allow sin. Evil is God’s test of our love and we turn evil into sin. If one watches evil too much, one can become mesmerized and turn it into sin. If one thinks, however, that if one occupies oneself only with good one will win out, then one is bound to become naive. The bible itself is full of evil examples that serve as warnings. Therefore it is of the utmost importance to take every thought captive into obedience to Christ and to break down every high thing that exalts itself against the knowledge of God.