The establishment stock market transaction standard, in the application establishment profession the petty loan organization, extends the industrial chain to high-end reforming, recently, area the river, Zhejiang, Shanghai’s steel and iron foreign traders were accelerating to move. On February 15, holds “the first long angle iron trade wealth forum” in the Jiangsu Wuxi chill in the air in early spring on, the Shanghai first steel city market share Limited company (i.e. original “leisurely immortal steel city group”) Chairman Zhou Huarui every single word or phrase emphasized: “2009 pair of steel trade business is especially essential one year, the outside (finance) the crisis causes to be beset with difficulties, the internal market overall supply exceeds demand, the steel trade enterprise must strengthen the cooperation, can enhance the coordinated motion and resistance risk ability, can enlarge with the steel mill negotiations, and government dialog ability.”

The collective seeks utterance right

Zhou Hua Rui has started out “the former store queen warehouse ” steels merchandise on hand business pattern before more than ten years, steel Corp. has built up and production and marketing on the afterwards with treasure assembling an effect , has drive the Shanghai steel city blowout dyadic development , starting an undertaking having also spurred the Ning De City, especially Zhou Ning county book businessman on intense emotion. According to Zhou Hua Rui introduction , now Shanghai beach, among more than 60 steels marketplace, have person more than 40 is come untied by Zhou Ning county book , volume of business takes up more of 80%.

Judging from entire long triangle area but , at present steel trade estate already forms one taking Shanghai as centre , the business opening up an exhibition to Jiangsu-Zhejiang, both wings encloses, have assembled big medium-sized more than 110 iron and steel cash market. Have almost 40 family to be with Fujian merchant only right away in Jiangsu province manage the main body steels marketplace, annual sales volume exceeds 100 billion yuan.

This relatives and neighbors help characteristic pattern, was also “the control” the long angle iron city has created the convenience, also will promote for the steel and iron circulation industry reforming to lay down in the future sinking sickness. in 2008 the steel city, a half year rises suddenly for a half year to fall suddenly, if the hot rolling volume board may 5000 multi-dimensional drop to 2800 Yuan from the maximum each ton. “our country economy’s low cost development time already passed by, already entered the high cost development time.”China Iron and steel industry Association expert Professor Dong Zhihong said. The custom operates independently the foreign trader also starts to faint from fear, “holds Qian Qiuhuo to look at the complexion, attains the resources make money” the time also to occur transformed in every way: Although the financial crisis forces the steel mill to the entity economy’s influence to start “to pursue the foreign trader but actually”, but they must “kowtow facing the downstream sell”. This kind has not fixed a price the power, actually to put together a life and death condition in the terminal market, has not changed. Therefore this winter spring, they start the collective to seek the words power.

Zhou Huarui indicated to newspaper reporter: “if wants to strengthen the words power, only has to the comprehensive service provider reforms.” He emphatically and “the foreign trader” separates out “the service provider”: “the present steel trade business divides into two kinds: Generally foreign trader, but also has is in the spot transaction market coordinated process development and so on collection warehousing, processing, packing, transportation service providers.” Wuxi valuable Xin steel and iron building materials warehousing Limited company routine vice-total Chen Shifan indicated to reporter: “the steel products foreign trader has survived in the crevice, thus we encourage in the market the enterprise, toward high added value product reforming, although this also requires certain time.” To further promote the market mechanism, Chen Shifan also told the reporters, at present the steel city and so on “” the prefix enterprise is discussing the third party supervision matters concerned with the foreign shipment, by the time can the better control supervisor, the guard operational risk.

However, the country gets rich switching over to shift macro-economy research institute subdean Chen Dong Qi expressing the contrary idea: Whether the middle low-income people , the consumption including a peasant can get it in gear really that “I worry about most is consumption, especially. The first half of the year is especially obvious according to that my observation , actual purchasing power of resident go down will maybe be in this year”.

This is also that steel trade merchant is the most anxious. The large-scale steel trade enterprise person in charge who one is unwilling to disclose a full name tells a reporter: “Though the country appears personally the home appliance pulls the enthusiasm for production having moved home appliance enterprise within the plan , a period of time going to the countryside. Whether can consume the problem having up but, but not solving to the consumer”. The “beautiful ” stoppage a few days ago nearly all-round on the grounds of one of his inform , important customer is purchased.

Trainer angles have become the new speed figures in horse racing. Just as speed figures got a lot of attention and pointed out some nice winners when they were first touted, trainer angles have become popular and have revealed some good bets. Many past performances now supply them and you will find them on sheets that offer picks and tout certain horses. The only problem, of course, is that many people are now using them.

The statistics usually tell you how often a conditioner is successful at a certain move, such as dropping a horse in class, as a percentage, such as 36%. In other words, that trainer has dropped a horse in class and won 36% of the time when doing so. Along with that percentage, you’ll also find an ROI figure to tell you how much profit you would make on those bets if you’d bet every horse the trainer had dropped in class. A positive ROI seems to indicate a good bet when you find that trainer making that move today, but like many things in horse racing handicapping, that can be deceiving.

That ROI was gained before the trainer move became a well known fact and before so many people started playing it. As it was used more and more and as the numbers grew, the public jumped on those bets more and more. In fact, at the odds the horse goes off at today, it may be a lousy bet. Just seeing a positive ROI doesn’t mean you can make money betting those runners.

The truth is that almost any single trainer move that you see in a past performance is going to be bet down and becomes a bad bet with a few exceptions. One of the exceptions is when a horse looks so over matched that most bettors lay off it despite the trainer angle. An example might be a trainer who takes a horse that faded badly and adds a tongue tie to it today. Maybe with that equipment move you know the trainer has a 36% win average, but since the horse went from first to last in the stretch you figure it can’t improve that much today.

The truth of the matter however, is that it was choking on its own tongue and that is why it stopped. In this case, despite the terrible performance last out, it may still win and pay well enough to make it a profitable bet. That means the only way to make a profit on trainer angles is to bet the horses that need the most improvement that also have an angle going for them. That is one risky way to make a profit betting on horses and you’ll have many ups and downs.

This topic garners a lot of attention on football coaching forums and sites related to football drills. There is a lot of debate about which system of blocking is preferable for youth boys playing football. I have my opinion.

Both systems contain basic “tenets” or “rules” to be followed to make sure the EFFECTIVENESS of the system. So either system can be used. The issue becomes one of implementation – practice time with the techniques required, coaching preference, what the kids that you have on your team can do. Let’s discuss these issues.

Practice Time & Required Techniques

GOD – Gap, On, Down

This system is more focused on “what you do to who at a specific place” not details on “technique”. This is a big difference when considering practice time. In the GOD system an offensive lineman is literally asking himself, “what is the placement of the defensive lineman or linebacker so I know where/who to go block?”. So you may be asking what is Gap, On, Down? I will explain.

Inside Gap Defender

We first ask our offensive lineman to FIRST see if he has a defender aligned in the “inside gap”, within 1 yard of the line of scrimmage, to his place on the offensive line. If he does, he must block him after the snap – of course emphasizing quick first two steps and getting low. If he does not have a defender aligned in the “inside gap”, he simply moves on to the SECOND blocking rule.

On Defender

If no defender aligns in the “inside gap”, then he moves on to his SECOND rule – Is the defender aligned “on/over” me, within 1 yard of the line of scrimmage? If he is, then the offensive lineman must block him after the snap. If he does not have a defender aligned “on/over” him, he simply moves on to the THIRD blocking rule.

Down the Line Inside Defender

If no defender aligns on/over him, then he moves on to his THIRD rule – I must look for the defender located inside down the line – either on/over my offensive neighbor OR in a gap INSIDE my offensive neighbor. I HELP my neighbor to block him! This is a double team block ALWAYS!

What We NEVER Have As a Rule

We never have our offensive linemen looking to block a defender aligned outside their body. In other words, we NEVER ask our offensive linemen to “reach” block. This is a very hard block to execute. We have our backs in the backfield handle these more “athletic” blocks. At most, a pulling guard may be asked to execute a “reach” or “kick-out” block, but never any other offensive lineman. This is because we know our pulling guard is able to execute this block.

Also, we never have our offensive linemen going to the “second level” to block linebackers – except our pulling guard. Linebackers are more athletic and linemen have a hard time trying to get to “moving” linebackers that are often located 3 yards behind the line of scrimmage.

Blitzing Linebackers & The “Down” Double Team Block

I should explain that defensive teams do blitz – oh, shocker! So how would you handle this with the GOD blocking scheme where a linebacker could “penetrate” your offensive line on a blitz? Here is what we teach. If an offensive lineman is simply executing a “one-on-one” GAP or ON block, they would NEVER come off that block to “get” the blitzing linebacker; this would let their defensive lineman go free – not good! So they only situation where we “get” a blitzing linebacker is on a “down-double team” block. Which one “gets” the linebacker? ALWAYS the inside lineman of the double team & ONLY if the linebacker blitzes to the INSIDE of this double team block; if he blitzes to the outside – trying to fight over our offensive line wall – we will have one of our backs, by play design, block him in the alley/funnel! Obviously, you will have to work on this recognition with your offensive linemen that execute double team blocks so they know that ONLY the “inside blocker” releases to block a blitzing linebacker when he tries to blitz to the inside gap. Again, this is all about practice, practice, practice!

Summary of GOD

Now you may be thinking, “how is my offensive line going to really know who to block?” in a real defensive front situation. Well, like anything else in football you have to practice things over & over. Specifically, the best tactic is showing your offensive line the most common and likely defensive fronts they will see in games – including likely linebacker blitzes. Set these up in practice for them; talk about the front, ask them who they would block for each front, have them walk to each person they would block, then run through it at half speed, then at full speed. Do this for every defensive front they would likely see. Make sure they really get it! Of course you will be checking for proper blocking fundamentals too – explosion off the cadence/snap, quick feet, proper pulling of the guard, and staying low. The GOD rules really are simple and the specific “play tags/line calls” take only 1 week to install – no matter what offensive system you chose to run.

Angle Steel Bars are a type of structural steel which are L shaped. Other forms include the T beam, Z shape, Channel, T shaped, Bar, Rod, Plate, and Asymmetrical I Beams.

These bars can be made out of a number of different materials each of which contain different properties and thus are used for different purposes. Carbon Steels are generally used for Structural Shapes, Pipes, Plates and Tubing. High Strength Low Alloy steels are used for the same as Carbon but also W Shapes. Corrosion Resistant High Strength is only used for Structural Shapes and plates whereas Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steels are used for Structural Plates, Plates and Boilers and Pressure Valves.

The composition of the steel involved also changes the properties of the material. Often coatings are applied to steel to attempt to increase the Critical Temperature which is the temperature in which the steel is unable to bear its load. This is very important in cases of fires where injuries to persons or items may happen as the steel will no longer be able to provide the mechanical strength.

The Thermal Properties of Steel vary depending on the composition of the Alloy, i.e. the substances other than iron that are used to form the steel. The Autenizing temperature which is the temperature at which the steel becomes a crystal structure is used to compare different alloys. Pure Iron has an Autenizing temperature of 900 Centigrade, Eutectic is far lower, this has less than 1% Carbon and when more carbon is added, this temperature will increase again. When the Carbon levels are above 2.1%, the name of the substance is no longer steel but Cast Iron.

There are number of ways in which Steel can be bent including Press Brake Forming, Three Point Bending, Folding, Wiping, Rotary Bending, Elastomer Bending and Jogging. There are three types of Press Brake Forming and these are Air Bending, Bottoming and Coining and in all of these a punch provides the force required for bending the steel.

There are a number of uses for Angled Steel and they are generally Structural, the steel helps provide a force to hold items in place. Therefore it is imperative that the angle produced is so exact and various calculations are used to ensure that this is the case. There are many different companies available which are able to offer specialised cutting allowing the exact size and angle to be formed for different needs.

Dash cameras are fast becoming a must have in today’s driving environment. Aggressive and careless driving as well as more and more common incidents of road rage make an investment in a really good car DVR a wise decision.

Another consideration is that insurance companies now tell their clients never to admit fault so it becomes your word against the other party’s and if they have someone else with them and you don’t, you are going to lose a lot of money. Similarly if you not an experienced driver, or one of your children is involved in an accident you will need hard evidence to back up your version of what happened.

In other words, buy a dashboard camera it may well save you a lot of money and stress.

Unfortunately choosing the best dash cam is not that easy because often cameras that have the same body may have very different working parts.That’s because there are only a few major camera body manufacturers and they sell to hundreds of vendors.

Generally when buying dash cams you get what you pay for so start by ignoring the really cheap cameras. I have seen dash cams advertised for $16! and that is just impossible. Buy one of these and your money will probably just disappear. Personally I wouldn’t even consider a camera under $100.

So how do you choose a dash cam that will provide good quality images that can be used as evidence if you are unfortunate enough to be involved in a traffic incident.

Here’s a few pointers to look for:

* Look for a model with dual wide angle cameras to give you front and rear coverage.

* Check to see if the camera has a high end chipset and sensor combination. These are expensive items so most vendors will not tell you what the specs are for their cameras. My family’s cameras all have Mstar/OV2710 chipset/sensor combinations but there are one or two other good combinations around (none of them are cheap). Lesser combinations will not give you the same quality images, especially at night.

* Preferably the unit has an MOV video format, not the older AVI.

* Camera should have parking mode which activates the camera in case of a bump while you are not in your car.

* Motion detection.

* Loop recording.

* ADAS – driver assistance will warn you if your car gets to close to another or if you are drifting out of your lane.

* G-Sensor – freezes the frame and stores it in case of an accident.

* Warranty – at least 12 months.

* Look for evidence that the vendor has a website with contact details.

* Choose a vendor with good support, if the description has examples of poor English, it’s usually a 3rd world based vendor (often not even a manufacturer but a reseller) and experience has shown that if that’s the case, it can be very difficult to get support.

Reviews

Used to be the case that if a dashboard camera had good reviews on one of the major selling platforms you could rely on it being a decent buy. Nowadays you need to be very wary of this because we have seen more and more examples of new listings hitting the market with 20, 30 or even 40, 5 star reviews from the start. Rorting of the review system has become endemic, in fact you can see adverts on social media and internet service sites where people are offering to provide completely bogus reviews for very little money.

In Summary

Buying a car dashboard camera is a very wise decision but do your homework and purchase a high spec one from a vendor you can identify.

Angle of Elevation Definition: Let us first define Angle of Elevation. Let O and P be two points such that the point P is at higher level. Let OA and PB be horizontal lines through O and P respectively. If an observer is at O and the point P is the object under consideration, then the line OP is called the line of sight of the point P and the angle AOP, between the line of sight and the horizontal line OA, is known as the angle of elevation of point P as seen from O. If an observer is at P and the object under consideration is at O, then the angle BPO is known as the angle of depression of O as seen from P.

Angle of elevation formula: The formula we use for angle elevation is also known as altitude angle. We can measure the angle of the sun in relation to a right angle using angle elevation.Horizon Line drawn from measurement angle to the sun in right angle is elevation.Using opposite, hypotenuse, and adjacent in a right triangle we can find finding the angle elevation. From right triangle sin is opposite divided by hypotenuse; cosine is adjacent divided by hypotenuse; tangent is opposite divided by adjacent. To understand angle of the elevation we will take some

Angle of elevation problems. Suppose if a tower height is 100 sqrt(3) metres given. And we have to find angle elevation if its top from a point 100 metres away from its foot. So let us first collect information, we know height of tower given is 100sqrt3, and distance from the foot of tower is 100 m. Let us take (theta) be the angle elevation of the top of the tower…we will use the trigonometric ratio containing base and perpendicular. Such a ratio is tangent. Using tangent in right triangle we have,

tan (theta) = perpendicular / adjacent

tan (theta) = 100sqrt(3)/100 = sqrt(3).

tan (theta) = tan 60

theta = 60 degree.

Hence, the angle elevation will be 60 degree

Example: The elevation angle of the top of the tower from a point on the ground, which is 30 metre away from the foot of the tower, is 30 degree. Find the height of the tower.

Solution: Let AB be the top A of tower height h metres and C be a point on ground such that the angle elevation from the top A of tower AB is of 30 degree.

In triangle ABC we are given angle C = 30 degree and base BC = 30 m and we have to find perpendicular AB. So, we use those trigonometrically ratios which contain base and perpendicular. Clearly, such ratio is tangent. So, we take tangent of angle C.

In triangle ABC, taking tangent of angle C, we have

tan C = AB/AC

tan 30 = AB/AC

1/sqrt(3) = h/30

h = 30/sqrt(3) metres = 10 sqrt(3) metres.

Hence, the height of the tower is 10 sqrt(3) metres.

Wide angle binoculars are an excellent choice for beginners who are getting involved in wildlife or bird watching. Wide angle binoculars present a much wider image, making it easier to find the desired image when sighting with the binoculars. This not only makes them great for beginners, but also excellent for use in forested areas where it’s difficult to see too far in the distance. Wide angle binoculars are good for scanning areas to spot wildlife or movement. They are also the binocular of choice for sporting events or racing, since they more easily capture quick movement. If you are looking for wide panoramic views, this type of binocular is definitely the way to go.

When buying binoculars, be aware that the term “wide angle” is actually not a very scientific label. All it means is that the field of vision is wider than in regular binoculars. Width of the field can be measured in degrees or as a linear width in feet, measured at one thousand yards. The field of vision is measured by multiplying the angular field in degrees by the magnification, and binoculars are usually considered wide angle if this number is sixty or greater. Typically, the greater the magnification, the smaller the field of vision. This is why wide angle binoculars are best when you don’t need to see too far into the distance.

Be aware that some wide angle binoculars will look a little fuzzy or distorted around the edges. Be sure to invest in the best quality wide angle binoculars that you are able to, and avoid inexpensive, poorly made models. Also, these binoculars are typically not well suited for people who use eyeglasses, since with eyeglasses a longer eye relief is needed. Wide angle binoculars have a relatively short eye relief.

The angle grinder is a useful tool for grinding, polishing or cutting a variety of materials. This tool can range from the small hand-held unit to the large unit and easily works on glass to different metals. It is essential to use the right angle grinder and disc to match the intended use. They vary significantly in relation to speed, safety, power and size. Here are a few of the most popular types of angle grinder discs:

Grit Discs

The grit discs are the low-cost option for grinding the hard substances like metal or stone. This disc is relatively thin at about 6 mm and unlikely to last long before a replacement is needed. However, they have the ability to cut at a very quick speed compared to most of the alternatives. Plus, they are quite light which makes them useful when working on overhead applications or when on a ladder.

Diamond Discs

The diamond discs are a high-quality option to work on a variety of materials. They are mostly used for jobs that need grinding or cutting, and work at a faster rate than the grit discs. They have the potential to last for a long time and are still quite affordable. Plus, the diamond discs are a safe choice to use because there is a much lower risk of the disc slipping off the grinder.

Wire Wheel

The wire wheel is the preferred option for projects that involve removing paint and rust, as well as to polishing bare metal. The object that is being worked on must be solid like metal to avoid damage because the wire wheel isn’t very flexible. Also, the type of wire wheel disc can vary with the different application. The most effective option for removing rust from metal is the twisted wire wheel, while the cup brush type is likely to be less effective and will take a lot longer to complete the job.

Wood Discs

These discs are purpose made to work on all types of wood. But, the discs intended to cut wood only can limit its all-round usefulness. So, to get the most from the grinding tool, it is generally better to buy the dual-purpose discs that have the ability to cut both wood and steel. This is particularly useful if a nail needs to be removed from the wood. The preferred wood disc is referred to as Arbortech which is the most resilient and long-lasting.

Claiming races really are the backbone of horse racing, though the stakes and handicap races get all the publicity. If it wasn’t for cheap claiming races and the trainers who make a living conditioning horses with marginal ability to run in those races, many race tracks would close their doors. Therefore, if you want to make money betting on horse races, if you want to have many opportunities to find a good bet, claiming races should be part of your handicapping campaign.

While human nature plays a part in every horse race, nowhere is it more prevalent or important than in the claiming races. The reason for that is that the trainers, owners, and jockeys all have as much to gain by betting on the race as they do from winning the purse or the race. No one wants to hold a horse back in a Grade l stakes race in order to cash a ticket, but in many of the lower level “selling” races, as they’re often called, it sometimes makes more financial sense to lose the race and win the bet.

The trainer who knows his horse well and can get a good race when he wants one is also likely to see that his horse will be bet down to ridiculously low odds every time it runs unless it throws in a bad race now and then. If this happens within the claiming ranks no one pays much attention because it is expected that the low level horses are erratic.

One of my favorite angles is to find a trainer who has just re-claimed a horse that he trained and won with before. Some trainers who have a high win average with first time claims do so with horses they’ve trained before. If they claim a horse that they’ve never trained before, it may take them a few races to get their new runner sorted out, but when they have an animal they’ve worked with and figured out in the past, they often can manage a very good race first time out.

Now comes the tricky part of this angle, however, and that is, will this be the race that they hold the horse back in precisely because everyone expects it to win? If you’re fortunate enough to have inside information straight from the trainer’s stable, you will know if they are sending the horse for the win. If not, you may want to notice the betting patterns and try to figure out if they are backing their own horse.

Sometimes the best course of action is to sit out the first race when the trainer has reclaimed his horse. If the horse loses, which it may, then the odds will be higher next time out and that may be the trainer’s intention. If it wins, then you may want to sit out the next race as well because it will surely go off at short odds and that would be a time to hold that horse back. As I said before, handicapping claiming races involves as much psychology as horse sense.

It was not until around year 2000 that the concept of spine angle was first mentioned as an important aspect of the golf swing.  Prior to that year, one could rarely find the words used anywhere in golf instruction or literature.  Today there is hardly a golf periodical, golf newspaper, a new golf book, an instructional video or a TV analyst that does not discuss the concept.  And there are over 30,000 links to “maintain your spine angle” that could be found on the Google search engine.

Prior to this recent and increasing focus on the importance of maintaining one’s spine angle during the swing, professionals, instructors and analysts commented on other aspects of the golf swing.  Observations were made about the golfer’s head, the plane, one or two planes, the length of the backswing, tempo, weight shift and still others.  All aspects however seemed to be open to argument, were contradictory or could be misinterpreted.  Maintaining one’s spine angle, however, is irrefutable, as agreed upon by almost all, if not all experts.

So exactly what is the spine angle as it relates to the golf swing?  Why has it become such a popular and important aspect for discussion?  And what can the average golfer do to incorporate spine angle knowledge into her/his golf swing?  The purpose of this article is to answer these three questions and to give the reader all the information needed to fully understand and utilize this important swing concept. 

Depending on which analyst you listen to, there are actually two golf spine angles.  The first is the most commonly discussed and is best seen by looking at the right side of the golfer (for a right handed golfer), and down the target line.  Imagine a straight vertical line extending from the back of the golfer’s shoe, up through the hips and as high as the head.  Now imagine the straight line made by the golfer’s spine, from the neck to the base of the spine and intersecting the vertical line.  The angle made at that intersection is the spine angle. To see an image of this angle please click on the link in the resource box to our web site. The angle will be unique for each golfer depending on build, physique, and posture at address but the average for most golfers will be about 30 degrees.  Note it is said that there is a straight line from the neck to the base of the spine.  The back or the spine is not to be hunched……it must be straight.  

The second spine angle, which has been recently introduced by some analysts, can best be seen by looking at the front of the golfer.  In this view, the line of sight is perpendicular to the target line and 90 degrees from the view of the first and more conventional angle mentioned in the previous paragraph.  Here imagine a vertical line extending upward and starting at the base of the spine.  For most golfers with the proper address, the head and therefore the spine are tilted slightly to the right-handed golfer’s right.  Now imagine a straight line from the base of the golfer’s spine, extending up and through the center of the golfer’s head.  This angle may best be referred to as the frontal spine angle. To see an image of this angle please click on the link to our website in the resource box. This angle also will be unique and will depend on the golfer’s build and physique.  But it will also vary during a proper swing, being greater at impact than it was at address.   In the image shown below, this frontal spine angle is about 8º at address and 25º at impact.

Now let’s look at why spine angle is so important to the golfer’s swing.  By carefully observing the golfer’s spine angle from behind and down the target line, a professional, an analyst and even the average golfer can easily visualize what can happen during a swing and particularly toward impact.  If the golfer decreases the angle of the spine from its starting angle, say from 30 degrees toward 25 degrees, the head, shoulders and arms will move away from the ball toward impact.  The result will probably be a push or slice to the right, or worse, a topped hit or even a whiff.  If the golfer increases the starting angle of the spine, say from 30 degrees to 40 degrees, the head, shoulders and arms move closer to the ball toward impact.  The result of these movements might be a drastic hook, a hit behind the ball or a pull to the left. 

There is much less agreement about the frontal spine angle. There are a few who say it should be constant, like the conventional down-the-line spine angle. But no good swing is able to do that; the only sensible discussion is how much it should change. Think about it. There are a few aspects that just about everyone agees upon for a good golf swing:

• The feet should remain where they are, not shift in or out, forward or backward.
• The head should remain behind the ball through impact.
• The weight should shift in the downswing to the forward leg.

When we think about the implications of these three aspects, which are nearly universal rules (only the “stack and tilt” approach brings the third point into a bit of question), we see that the frontal spine angle must necessarily increase during the downswing. Consider:

• The feet are planted.
• The head does not shift forward.
• Yet somehow the weight shifts forward.

The only way these considerations can happen would be if some significant fraction of the body below the neck and above the feet moves forward. What is going on here?  Let’s look at two of the more common proverbs for a good swing:

• You should “hit against a firm left side.”
• You should “fire the right side”.

These proverbs suggest that the hip turn — which everybody agrees is essential — involves a forward movement  of the hips. Even if you are turning the hips rather than sliding them, firing the right side against a firm left side means that the hips are moving from right of center (top of the backswing) to a point over the left foot (for balance in the follow-through). And that forward movement of the hips is from where the weight shift comes. The feet don’t move and the head doesn’t move; the forward movement of the hips shifts the weight.

Another look at the image of frontal spine angle shows us why the frontal spine angle must increase between address and impact. The hips move forward and the head stays back. You need either an increased spine angle or a guillotine!  So “maintaining” the frontal spine angle requires not a constant angle, but rather a tilting of the spine so the head stays back as the weight shifts forward.  

So how can the golfer learn to maintain the proper spine angle — both conventional and frontal?  Most professionals, instructors and expert golfers will say that golf is a game of feel.  And if you are to maintain your spine angle, you must know how this aspect of the swing feels.  The golfer can have her/his swing videotaped from both spine angle views and would quickly be able to see how and if the spine angle changes.  Such a review however would not translate to the desired feel.  Without such feel, one does not know what physical movements to correct or what to practice for improvement. 

For many years, and still today, many golf experts focus on the head as the critical body part that affects the swing.  The head is at the top of the spine and it follows that if the head remained relatively steady throughout the swing, the conventional spine angle also would remain relatively constant. Moreover, a steady head is the key to a proper sequence of the frontal spine angle. Perhaps it was with this end result in mind that Jack Grout, the first professional instructor to Jack Nicklaus, held young Jack’s hair with his extended left arm for two hours and had Nicklaus hit real balls.  Grout knew that tactile feedback was the best way for a golfer to gain the feel for any aspect of the swing. 

More recently, Hank Haney used the exact same technique with Charles Barkley on the Golf Channel’s Haney Project.  He did not however require that Sir Charles hit balls for two hours with tactile feedback.  The desired feel for a steady head and a constant spine angle could not have been acquired by Charles with Haney grabbing and holding Charles’ head only two or three times. Acquiring a feel and ultimately, the development of muscle memory to maintain a constant spine angle, would have required Charles’ head to be held for  two hours or more — and would probably require subsequent practice sessions as well.

The brain has memory and it can remember physical and muscle movements and bodily feel so that they can be repeated.  The task is to tell the brain exactly the movements, the bodily feelings, that you want it to remember.  Tactile feedback has been proven to be the best procedure for programming or re-programming the brain to acquire new and desired physical movements and bodily feelings.  And probably the best tactile feedback for helping a golfer acquire a feel for maintaining spine angle is to use the Jack Grout/Hank Haney technique.  To do so, you must get another person to hold your head in a steady position (which also will maintain your spine angle) while you take practice swings or hit real or plastic balls, until you get that feel.  Gaining such a feel will not happen in one practice session.  Or you can use a training aid that holds your head in a similar manner and enables you to take swings, with or without balls and allows you to hit real and/or plastic balls. 

The more often you can practice your swing with tactile feedback, with or without hitting balls, the sooner will that feel become a natural part of your swing.  New muscle memory will eventually be developed.   You will have acquired the feel for maintaining your spine angle, an irrefutable aspect of a good golf swing.  You will hit more consistent and solid shots.  You will lower your scores and your handicap.  Enjoy your game.