The software that is implemented into the system to collect and connect information in an enterprise from different functions is called ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning.) The information that is gathered from the different silos that function independently is seamlessly integrated to present the bigger picture. Decisions are then made by the various heads in the organizations which prove to be reliable and consistent.

These decisions reach all the geographical locations in time and these results in smooth functioning of various enterprises. The production is stepped up when there is quick execution due to the successful implementation of the ERP.

Unnecessary time is not spent on gathering information that is redundant and this works well for long term efficiency. The other advantage is that there is reduction in costs when this software is implemented. Many organizations invest heavily in good management processes when they look for huge returns over a period.

When should the cloud ERP system be used?

Many industries use the ERP system for integrating various business processes or corporate functions when manufacturing, retailing and for distribution purposes. Financial services also use this software for accounting purposes and other requirements such as customer relationship management (CRM), human resources management (HRM) and supply chain management (SCM). Each industry vertical has different requirements which are associated with the business. Here are some conditions that require the use of ERP software for companies:

• Shortcomings such as redundant data normally results in duplicating efforts
• Allocation to various functions in business can be automated easily
• When there are difficult implementing existing systems to the numerous geographical locations due to organizational growth.

Golden Tips for Selecting the Right ERP System:

How should organizations handle any obstacles that may come in the way? Are there different cloud ERP solutions in the market that can handle these problems? Here are a few golden rules that will enable you to make the right choice.

• Make sure to find out the goals and objectives of the organization and make a note of the same. This is important before looking for the best ERP system as you do not wish to cloud your judgment. Once you have clearly defined these goals, you should arrange for short listing vendors or arranging demonstrations.
• When planning your goals, set a time period for the organization to reach the goal. If the project is too complicated this implementation may run into months or even years to complete.
• Seek a long-term relationship with your service provider as most ERP projects take several months to complete.
• The document that is best described using “vision” will help to enlist support for leading this implementation effort.

Implementing the ERP system is no easy task. You will have to decide on the solution with the provider after ensuring the best fit keeping in mind the various problems that can occur during the implementation phase. Once this is done, the different process for change management should be used to help reap the benefits that are projected. The ERP system starts to show results after completion of all the activities and the results can be measured after it comes into operation. It may take a few months or years to show good results.

If you want to create a Winter Wonderland that comes alive at night, then you are going to have to do some serious decorating in your yard. Creating an amazing Winter Wonderland does take a little work, but it is well worth it because when people visit your home for Christmas they are going to feel as if they stepped into a magical fairyland the minute that they walk onto your pathway. Let’s take a look at some of the ways that you can turn a standard yard into a Winter Wonderland and make visiting your home a magical experience for everyone who visits.

Blue & White Tree Lights

One of the ways that you can decorate is with string lights that are blue or white that covers all of the branches of the trees in your yard. These fairy lights from Koopower are a terrific example of a light that can do the job and they have a timer and a remote. Plus, they are battery-operated so they will last throughout the entire season with low burning LEDs that are extremely bright even from a distance. However, you can also go with blue lighting because blue is the color of cold and making your trees glow blue is one of the best ways to create a magical Wonderland in your front yard. It does take a little bit of work to get your trees outfitted with these types of lights though.

Container & Decorated Trees

You can install container and decorated trees in your yard as a way to enhance your Christmas decorating experience. In the north, there are few trees that are as helpful to landscape and entrance as dwarf Alberta spruces. They grow very slowly and can be grown in containers for many years to come. That means that you can have the same trees to decorate for Christmas for up to five years.

In addition, you can go with decorated trees that are already growing out in your yard. Stringing lights and adding ornaments and other decorations to the Christmas trees in your yard will really contribute to a Winter Wonderland scene. You can find container trees at any home improvement store or garden center, and you can decorate your own tree using the lights and ornaments that you would use for your regular indoor Christmas tree.

Cover Your Yard with Fake Snow

A Winter Wonderland is a terrific thing to have, but not everyone has the chance to get snow every year for Christmas. In some parts of the country, and especially the world, snow almost never comes. That means that you have to make your own snow. If you want to create a Winter Wonderland, then you definitely need to consider using fake snow to cover your grass, pile up on your lampposts and porch fences and put anywhere else that snow might fall and stick.

Fake snow can be found in many different places, but the best place to buy fake snow is online. You can cover your yard and make it look like a winter paradise even if you are not actually in an environment where the snow falls.

Place Garlands & Decorative Drapes

A terrific way to outfit your porch is to place garland and decorative drapes that will really make your porch look unique. Garlands are actually a pretty common theme when it comes to draping across porch pillars and adding to outside decorations. However, what most people do not do is place drapes that can stand up against the elements on their porch. Red drapes that will add a splash of color to your decor are one of the best unique methods you can use to create an amazing design that everyone is going to remember.

Garlands and decorative wreaths are only a couple of different ideas that you can use for Christmas decorations, but they are two of the best ideas out there. There are lots of different garlands that you can use, from those with colored lights or white lights, to garlands that you make yourself. In addition, these Christmas drapes can come in red or green or any combination of the two colors and still make your porch look amazing.

Place Decorative Christmas Accessories

You can also place decorative Christmas accessories around your yard to make it look like a Winter Wonderland. There are lots of ways that you can do this, but one of the best accessories to use is an old sled that you do not use anymore. The older the sled the better, and you may even want to find one on eBay or another antique website, because old wooden sleds are going to make the best decor for your Wonderland.

However, there are lots of decorative items that you use in the place of sleds. If you cannot find the sled, then consider using an old pair of ice skates, an old radio that appears to be tuned to Christmas music or any of the accessories from Christmas movies the people will remember. For example, the Red Ryder BB gun has inexorably become linked to Christmas in a way that very few things are.

Populate Your Yard with Christmas Characters

To complete your Winter Wonderland motif, you may want to populate your yard with Christmas characters. This means having to go out and find these characters from home improvement stores or department stores. However, having the right reindeer or snowmen in your yard will definitely contribute to the Winter Wonderland that you’re trying to build.

The bottom line is that there are lots of ideas out there for creating the perfect Christmas theme, but the ideas that are listed here are going to give you a major boost when it comes to making your yard look unique and totally ready for Christmas. Characters that make people think of Christmas are one of the best little-known devices that can advance your yard to the next level. Hopefully, you now have some terrific ideas on how to improve your Christmas decor.

Effects of COVID-19 on Canadians’ personal finances could be severe. But now might be opportune to make tough decisions to reset crucial lifestyle choices that led to massive debt build-up since the Great Recession.

The federal government stepped up and is providing relief to workers and businesses to cushion the impact of job and income losses. Banks are deferring loans and mortgage payments. And some landlords deferred rent. These positive moves will help many people and businesses, but Canadians’ starting financial situation is fragile.

COVID-19 Could Push Folks to Bankruptcy

In January 2019, almost half of Canadians surveyed said they were $200 away from bankruptcy. Besides, 45 per cent of those surveyed said they would need to go deeper into debt to pay their living and family expenses. And in a recent survey, more than one million Canadians said they were on the verge of bankruptcy.

Canadians are among the most indebted people in the developed world. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of household debt to disposable income (after tax income) ratio prior to the Great Recession (2007) to quarter three 2019 was 2% – rising from $1.45 to $1.77 debt to $1.00 income. For every one dollar of after tax income, the average household owed $1.45 and $1.77. Meanwhile, Americans reduced average household debt over the same period, from $1.38 to $1.02 debt to $1.00 income.

The CAGR of average Canadian household spending between 2009 and 2017, the latest figures available from Statistics Canada, was 2.1%. Housing and transportation’s CAGR was 3% each during that time. In both periods, housing, taxes, transportation, and food accounted for 64% of total spending. Heath care expenses remained at 3% going from $2,000 to $2,500 over the same period.

Per capita household income rose by a CAGR of 2.5% between 2007 and 2016, about the same as inflation.

The debt service ratio, debt as a percentage of disposable income, is more realistic to assess the probability of debt repayment. American’s ratio fell from 13% in 2007 to 10% at the end of 2019. Canadians’ ratio in 2019 remained at 2007 record high level of 14.9%.

Conclusion

I pray you find these guides helpful to navigate today’s unprecedented situation:

1. Prepare a budget for the next three to six months. Understand that a budget is not a constraining tool, but a freeing device. It’s your best estimate of likely expenses in a future period to meet particular goals. You control it. It must never control you. If you are married, you and your spouse need to be on the same page to benefit.
2. Remember, deferred loan repayments will be due in a few months, so include repayments in your budget and try to set aside those funds.
3. If workable, pay down your high cost consumer debts.
4. If you have an emergency or capital fund, do not use it unless you apply the affordability index.
5. Don’t be afraid to seek help from your church or trusted advisers.

Listen to genuine experts, stay home if viable and practice physical distancing. Jesus’ blood covers His followers, but He gave us common sense to make wise choices. Meanwhile, let us continue to follow the golden rule and do to others what we would like them do to us.

I am grateful to those on the front lines keeping us safe. Now that we know who are essential in our society, I pray we will respect and compensate them well, now and when we get past this stage.

Stay safe!

Your home’s carpets are always getting walked on, stepped on, spilled on and more. Because they’re some of the dirtiest and most used floor surfaces in your home, it’s important that you keep them clean so that they look their best. This is especially true if you own pets or have kids! Dirty carpets make clean rooms look dirty no matter how much you try to get the space squeaky clean. Neglected carpets can also pose various health risks since bacteria and germs like to thrive in dirty carpets, causing harm to you and your family’s immune systems. Still not convinced your carpets should always been clean? Here are some more reasons why you should care about clean your carpets are and invest in quality carpet cleaning products!

The Importance Of Keeping Your Carpet Cleaner Than Ever

Dirty carpets can really ruin the life of your home’s carpeting, making you have to replace them a lot sooner than expected. This means shelling out more money to have the room re-carpeted or having to spend extra money on new rugs. If you’d like to save your money for other home improvements, keep your carpets and rugs clean using the right carpet cleaning products. This way you’ll be able to prolong the life of your carpet just by adding the right carpet cleaner to your cleaning products arsenal.

Another reason to invest in the right carpet cleaner is to improve your home’s indoor air quality. Carpets have a tendency to trap airborne pollutants that can pollute the air that you and your family breathe, which can cause allergies to act up or other breathing problems to occur. These pollutants must be removed in order to both protect your carpeted surfaces and maintain air quality indoors. Carpet cleaning products will help solve this troublesome problem.

Clean carpets also mean easier maintenance, which translates to shorter carpet cleaning sessions. When you let your carpet go, trying to get it back to its like-new condition will be harder and take longer to do than if you kept up with regular carpet cleaning duties.

But the biggest reason to always keep your carpets clean is so that they enhance the appearance of any room. Well-maintained, clean carpets can speak volumes about the cleanliness of a home and room. Spots, stains and other spoils on carpets are eye sores, which is why it’s imperative that you have effective carpet cleaning products on hand so when your carpets do get stains or spots. This way you can immediately clean them so that your carpet looks as if it were still new!

Carpet Cleaners That Double As An Upholstery Cleaner

Not only should you keep your carpets clean, but the same is true for your upholstery items like your couches, chairs and other furniture pieces made from fabrics. A dirty couch and carpet will make your room look sloppy and messy, so make sure you look for a carpet cleaner that doubles as an upholstery cleaner, too! This way you can kill two birds with one stone and clean both your carpets and upholstered items at the same time. Your space will look cleaner than ever with a spotless couch and carpet!

What To Look For In Carpet Cleaning Products

Not all carpet cleaning products are created equal, which is why you need to be careful when searching for the right one. A non-toxic carpet cleaner is best so that it’s safe for your family and pets. Also, look for one that is fast acting and can be used for a multitude of surfaces, including couches, carpets, fabrics, upholstery and even car seats, so that you get more for your money. More importantly, you want to get a carpet cleaner that is easy to use, so that you’re not on your hands and knees scrubbing for minutes at a time. But make sure that the carpet cleaner also works on various stains, like food and wine, pet stains, grass and dirt stains and other common stains you might find on your carpets and upholstered items.

Household Cleaning Products That Won’t Break The Bank

Although you want to buy an effective carpet household cleaning product, you don’t want to spend a lot of money on it either. Powerful formulas can also mean higher price tags, which means you’re paying more than you should for your carpet household cleaning products. Just because you want something that works doesn’t mean you have to spend a lot! There are plenty of effective carpet cleaners on the market today that not only provide amazing results, but won’t break the bank, so do your research before you go out and buy the first cleaning product you see.

In the early days, moms were stereotypically defined as women who stay at home, clean the house and take care of their husband and children. Today, women have stepped up the playing field. More and more are entering the competitive world of business, professional services and even politics. One must think, “Can a traditional housewife still live out a career?”

The answer is yes! There are a lot of jobs that are available to moms who stay at home. One of these is to be an internet marketer. In a broad sense, an internet marketer is someone who promotes products or services online.

What It Takes to Become a Good Internet Marketer

Internet marketing is not just simply making a website for your products and services. It is a process of tying together the technical aspect of using the computer, the creative aspect of designing a website and the innovative aspect of putting in your content. A good internet marketer should combine all these aspects; deliver them to a massive global audience through the internet; and elicit response to make sales.

Why Moms Make Good Internet Marketers

Stay-at-home moms will definitely make good internet marketers. Here are some of the reasons why:

o Moms know best. They are the shoppers of the family. They always look at what benefits they can get for their family. They look into details more, weighing in a product or service’s pros and cons. So when they think of how to market something, they will think about what consumers would look for, emphasizing on the advantages of buying their product.

o Moms are great sales-talkers. Imagine them trying to feed their children vegetables or taking their medicine when they are sick. They will find ways to talk their children into taking them in. Same goes with marketing; they will find ways to sell what they have to offer. They will think of promotional tools that will make potential clients to want to buy their marketed products or avail of their services.

o Moms have unbelievable patience. Moms have to manage their household. And on top of that, listen to their husbands’ problems at work and refereeing their fighting children. Luckily, moms are gifted with undying patience for a calm and peaceful home. Patience is a key for internet marketers as well. They can make good interaction with potential clients (especially the more interrogating ones) to make sales.

o Moms are the best in multi-tasking. It is imperative that a mom find ways to juggle many tasks at the same time. Like cooking dinner while putting her baby to sleep. Or taking a shower while cleaning the bathroom. Like those examples, you can count on her to squeeze in the demands of internet marketing.

o Moms are survivors. Last, but not the least, moms have the instinct of a survivor. They can survive the day’s work without compromising the quality of what they do. They always try to learn everything it takes for their families. These qualities are more than enough to say that moms make great internet marketers.

Tips for Moms Who Would Like to Start-Up This Career

o Have a well-made website. Design your website in such a way that it will make a good impression to visitors. Make sure that your website is easy to use and that all the related pictures, videos and links are well posted.

o Provide good content. Content is king, as they all say. A good content has the following characteristics: original, informative, convincing, and a bit authoritative. Do not copy from other sites as you might find yourself sued for plagiarism. Make sure that you include all the details readers should know about and emphasize on the pros of your offer to convince them to transact with you. You should also be somewhat authoritative but maintain a friendly tone so that they will get the impression that your content is factual and encourage them to interact with you.

o Make your site interactive. It is a great advantage to provide tools that will make your site interactive. Always try to answer client queries so that they will be more convinced to avail of your product or service. Also, update them every once in a while to let them know on what new products you are offering.

o Build credibility. Being a well-established internet marketer is by no means an overnight affair. Don’t be discouraged if your site isn’t visited a lot. Just maintain a sense of professionalism to build trust among your readers. With much hard work, you will be a successful online marketer in no time.

SWITCHYARD and GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE

Electrical energy management system ensures supply of energy to every consumer at all times at rated voltage, frequency and specified waveform, at lowest cost and minimum environmental degradation. The switchgear, protection and network automation are integral parts of the modern energy management system and national economy.

The modern 3-ph, 50 Hz, AC interconnected system has several conventional and non-conventional power plants, EHV AC and HVDC Transmission system, Back to Back HVDC coupling stations, HV Transmission network, substations, MV and LV Distribution systems and connected electrical loads. The energy in electrical form is supplied to various consumers located in vast geographical area, instantly, automatically, and safely with required quality at all times. The service continuity and high quality of power supply have become very important.

For fulfilling the foresaid purpose, a state of the art, scientifically and technologically advanced SUBSTATION is required. Sub-Station is the load control center of the thermal plant where power at rated voltage, frequency and waveform is exported/imported as per requirements.

The substation at GHTP Lehra Mohabat has only one 220 KV switchyard. There are two output units each having a capacity of 210 MW. The generating voltage is limited to 15.75 KV and this voltage as stepped up by two-generator transformer 15.75/220 KV manufactured by BHEL. A part of 15.75 KV supply is fed to unit auxiliary transformer, which is stepped down to voltage 6.6 KV which is used to run the major auxiliaries of the plant.

After step up, the 220 KV output from the generator transformer is fed to either of the two bus bars through relays and circuit breakers and these are connected to various feeders through various equipments.

DIFFERENT TYES OF EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUB-STATIONS

1. BUS-BARS: –

Bus bar is a term used for main bar of conductor carrying an electric current to which many connections may be made. These are mainly convenient means of connecting switches and other equipments into various arrangements.

At GNDTP there are two 220 KV bus bars. These are made of aluminium and all the incoming and outgoing supplies are connected through the bus bars.

2. LIGHTENING ARRESTORS: –

These are equipments designed to protect insulators of power lines and electrical installations from lightening surges by diverting the surge to earth and instantly restoring the circuit insulation to its normal strength with respect to earth.

3. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS: –

The main purpose of current transformer is to step down the current to a level that the indicating and monitoring instruments can read. When rated current flows through its primary winding, a current of nearly 1 amp will appear in its secondary winding.

The primary is so connected that the current being passes through it and secondary winding is connected to an ammeter. The CT steps down the current to the level of the ammeter.

4. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: –

These are used to step do the voltage to a level that the potential coils of indicating and monitoring instruments can read. These are also used to feed the potential coils of relays. The primary winding is connected to the voltage being measured and the secondary winding to a voltmeter. The PT steps down the voltage to the level of the voltmeter.

5. POWER TRANSFORMER: –

These are used to step up down the voltage from one a.c voltage to another a.c voltage level at the same frequency. Shunt reactor in EHV substations is to provide reactive power compensation during low loads.

6. WAVE TRAP: –

Wave trap is used to prevent high frequency signals from entering other zones.

7. INDICATING AND METERING INSTRUMENTS: –

Ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters, KWH meters, KVAR meters are installed in sub-station to watch over the currents flowing in the circuit and the voltages and the power loads.

8. ISOLATORS: –

One of the cardinal measures for ensuring full safety in carrying out work on equipment in electrical installations is to disconnect reliably the unit or the section on which the work is to be done from all other live parts of the installation. To guard against mistakes, it is necessary that apparatus, which makes a visible break in the circuit such as isolators, should do this.

Isolators do not have arc control devices therefore cannot be used to interrupt currents at which the arc will be drawn across the contacts. The open arc in these is very dangerous, in that it will not only damage the isolator or the equipment surrounding it but will also cause the flashover between the phase in other words, it will result in short circuit in the installation i.e. why isolators are used only for disconnecting parts after de-energizing them by opening their respective circuits by use of their circuit breakers.

9. EARTHING SWITCHES: –

Earthing switch is used to discharge the voltage on dead lines to earth. An auxiliary switch to provide interlock always accomplishes it.

10. CIRCUIT BREAKERS: –

Circuit breakers are mechanical devices designed to close o open contact or electrical circuit under normal or abnormal conditions. CB is equipped with a strip coil directly attached to relay or other means to operate in abnormal conditions such as over power etc. In GNDTP three types of CB are used. SF6 CB is used to control 220 KV in switchyard.

VCB are used to control 6.6kv in switchgear & ABCB are used to control 415 KV in switchgear.

In sulphar puffer type SF6 CB is filled with SF6 gas at single pressure (4to6kgf/cm2). The pressure and gas flow required for arc extinction is obtained by piston action.

In double pressure type SF6 CB the gas from high-pressure system is released to into low-pressure system over the arc during the arc quenching process.

SPECIFICATIONS OF CB TYPE ELF-SL4-1

S. NO. SPECIFICATIONS RATINGS

1. Voltage 245KV

2. Normal current 3150 A

3. Lightening impulse withstand Voltage 1050V

4. Switching impulse withstand voltage 1050V

5. Short circuit breaking current 40KA

6. Short circuit withstand current And duration 40KA 3 sec

7. Line charging breaking current 125A

8. Operating sequence – First pole to clear factor 1.3

9. Supply voltage 220 V dc

10. Auxiliary circuit supply voltage 240 V dc

11. Air pressure 20.5 bar

12. Frequency 50 HZ

13. Mass 3800 kg

14. Rated current 1600 A

11. VARIOUS OTHER EQUIPMENTS

Shunt capacitors are used to provide compensation to reactive loads of lagging power factor.

Series reactors are used to reduce the short circuit current or starting currents. Neutral grounding resistors are used to limit the earth fault current.

Coupling capacitors are used to provide connection between high voltage line and power line carrier equipment.

Operating Voltage 230 V

Rated current 2000 A

Minimum short circuit current in bus bars 40 KV

Minimum phase to phase clearance 2.5 M

Number of horizontal levels of tubular bus bar/flexible bus bars 2.0 M

Height of tubular bus-bar of first level above ground 6 m

Height of tubular bus-bar of second level above ground 4 m

Tubular aluminium bus bar AL ASTMB241 4″IPS (International pipe standard)

VARIOUS SUBSYSTEMS IN SUBSTATIONS AND THEIR FUNCTION

S.NO. SYSTEM FUNCTION

1. Substation Earthing (Grounding) System – Earth mat – Earthing spikes – Earthing risers To provide an earth mat for connecting neutral points, equipment body, support structures to earth. For safety of personnel and for enabling earth fault protection. To provide the for discharging the earth currents neutrals, faults, surge arrestors over-head shielding wires etc. with safe step- Potential and touch potential.

2. Overhead earth wire shielding or lightning To protect the outdoor substation equipment from lightning strokes.

3. Illumination system (lightning) – For switchyards – Buildings – Roads, etc. To provide illumination for vigilance, operation and maintenance.

4. Protection system – Protection relay panels – Control cables – Circuit breakers – CT’s, PT’s, etc. To provide alarm or automatic tripping of faulty part from healthy part and also to minimize damage to faulty equipment and associated system.

5. Control cabling For protective circuits, control circuits, metering circuits.

6. Power cables To provide supply path to various auxiliary equipments and machines.

7. PLCC system power line carrier current system – Line trap – Coupling capacitor – PLCC panels For communications, telemetry, tele control power line carrier protection, etc.

8. Fire fighting system – Sensors, detection system – Water spray system – Fire protection control Panels To sense the occurrence of fire by sensors and to initiate water power spray, to disconnect power supply to affected region to pin point location of fire by indication in control room.

9. J Cooling water system – Coolers – Water tanks This system is required for cooling the valves in HVDC substation.

10. DC batteries sets and battery chargers Auxiliary low voltage DC supply.

11. Auxiliary stand by power System – Diesel generator sets – Switch gear – Distribution system For supplying starting power, stand by power for auxiliaries.

12. Telephone system For internal and external Communication.

12. BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT IN SWITCHYARDS

There are several ways in witch the switchyard can be connected in the electrical layout of generating station, receiving station or a switchgear in a distribution system. The following aspects in general affect the selection of the scheme:

1. Degree of flexibility of operations desired.

2. Importance of load and local conditions.

3. Economic conditions, availability, and cost.

4. Technical conditions.

5. Maintenance, safety of personnel.

6. Simplicity.

7. Provision of extension.

8. Protective zones.

DUPLICATE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT

The duplicate bus bar system provides additional flexibility, continuity of supply and permits periodic maintenance without total shut down. In the event of fault o n one bus the other bus can be used.

While transferring the power to the reserve bus, the following steps may be performed:

1. Close tie circuit breaker, i.e. bus coupler. The two buses are now at the same potential.

2. Close isolators on reserve bus starting from far end.

3. Open isolators o9n main bus starting from far end.

Each pole of the circuit breaker comprises one or more interrupts or arc extinguishing chambers. The interrupts are mounted on support insulators. The interrupts enclose a set of fixed and moving contact. The moving contacts can be drawn apart by means of the operating links of the operating mechanism. The operating mechanism of the circuit breaker gives necessary energy for opening and closing of contacts of the circuit breaker.

13. RELAYS

Relay is a device by means of which an electric circuit (trip or alarm circuit) is controlled (closed) by change in the other circuit. Relays are automatic. The function of relay in power supply system is to recognize a start out and to initiate the operation of CB or other devices to isolate the defective elements with minimum disturbance to the normal power supply system. The must operate at required speed and stability to prevent the current and voltage to exceed their limits.

A few relays with their international codes are mentioned below:

S. NO. CODES TYPES

1. 27 Instantaneous under voltage relay

2. 99 Composite motor protection relay

3. 64 Earth fault relay

4. 87M Differential relay for motors

5. 50N Earth fault relays with times for time delayed operation

6. 95 Fuse failure relay

7. 80 Auxiliary supply for DC supervision

8. 80B DC supply control supervision

9. 80A Relay for mains

10. 500/L Triple pole over current definite term

11. 98 Trip circuit supervision relay

12. 87 Triple pole circulating current

13. 63 Auxiliary relay for transformer fault indication

14. 33B Auxiliary relay for stop

15. 25 Check synchronizing relay

16. 52SC Instantaneous high set over current relay

17. 2B Static time delay relay

18. 51RYB Single pole (IDMTL) Inverse definite Minimum time over current relay.

THE FAULT CLEARING PROCESS

During abnormal or faulty conditions the relays sense the fault and close the trip circuit of the circuit breaker.

As the relay contact close, the trip circuit is closed and the operating mechanism of the CB opens and an arc is drawn between them. The arc is extinguished at some natural current zero of a.c. wave.

o Fault Occurs: – As the fault occurs the fault impedance being low, the currents increase and the relay get actuated. The moving part of the relay moves because of the increase in the operating torque. The relay takes some time to close its contacts.

o Relay contacts close, the trip CB closes and trip coil is energized.

o The operating mechanism starts operating for the opening operations. The CB contacts separate.

o Arc is drawn between the breaker contacts. The arc extinguished in the CB by suitable techniques. The current reaches final zero as the arc is extinguished.

SWITCHGEAR

The switchgear constitutes all parts or equipments of power plant whose function is to receive and distribute electric power. It comprises of the following:

· Assemblies of switching apparatus

· Protective and indicating metering devices

· Interconnecting bus bar systems and relevant accessories

Functions of Switchgear: –

The functions performed by switchgear are listed below: –

· To facilitate redistribution of load, inspection and maintenance of system.

· To localize the effects of faults by operation of protective equipment so automatically disconnect faulty part from the system.

· To break efficiently short circuits without giving rise to dangerous conditions.

The switchgear has the responsibility of transmitting the power from the generator to the grid. However plant also needs power for its working. It is mandatory not to use more than 10% of the power developed by the plant. So that all the auxiliaries and lightening system of the plant must be designed in such a way that there consumption is in the limit.

There are two bus bars placed in ducts, which supply power to the switchgear and are fed by two station transformers ST-I and ST-II. The rating of these identical bus bars is 6.6 KV, 3150 Amps, 50 Hz. These are known as C-I and C-II station buses respectively. The material of conductor is Aluminium. C-I station bus feeds US-IA & US-2A buses and C-II feeds US-IB & US-2B buses. C-I & C-II buses are also interlinked. These unit service buses feed the different kinds of load.

The auxiliary voltage for the ac supply system is 6.6 KV and 415 V. 6.6 KV supply system is provided with high resistance grounded neutral with provision of alarm/ trip. 415V auxiliary supply system has solidly/high resistance earthed neutral. All the electric motors of 150 KW rating or below are rated at 415 V and motors above 160 KW are rated at 6.6 KV.

GENERAL ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES IN THE PLANT

Electrical Auxiliary System

· AC Auxiliary supply system

· DC supply system

AC auxiliary supply system is used to feed all the AC auxiliaries installed in the plant.

The DC supply system which consists of 220 V DC, 110 V DC,

+/- 24 V DC, 48 V DC etc. is used for control supplies as required for system control and protection equipment.

As you train to learn ninjutsu, especially in your ninpo-taijutsu, “ninja’s body art,” you must remember to stay focused on the basics. These basics are not only the foundation of mastery – they are mastery itself! One of the three basics of your ninpo-taijutsu is that of footwork.

This article focuses on the 3 footwork patterns and their use in the “penetration models” known as the Sanshin no Kata. After you read this article, you will be able to take better control of your footwork, as-well-as be able to see the Sanshin from a much deeper perspective.

From the ninja’s perspective, the power of his or her techniques is generated from the ground up – on a stable base capable of effectively and efficiently carrying the torso. This is not to be confused with the static, immovable stances seen in many karate systems, but rather points to a need by ancient warriors to develop a method of using the legs and feet in a way that provides for stability on the muddy-bloody battlefields which would cause the unprepared and off-balanced combatant to easily slip and fall.

This type of footwork also provides for quick, agile maneuvers which also allowed the shadow warrior to deliver powerful, knock-down strikes and kicks to larger, stronger, and the better-armored bodies of their opponent. But, it does this without the upper-body focused movement indicative of boxers and mma fighters.

The basis for proper footwork lies in the Ninja’s Sanshin no Kata, “3 hearts examples” designed to teach the future warrior how to “penetrate” his opponent’s defenses and deliver debilitating strikes. The foundation of, what I call “Sanshin footwork,” lies in your ability to move easily between the footwork positions of Ichimonji and shizen no kamae.

The three forms of basic Sanshin movement are matched to the 3 fight situations that would require you to punch, kick, or respond to your assailant’s attacks. They are:

• 1) Forward stepping – This is where you step forward with your rear leg, passing through shizen and ending up in a forward Ichimonji as you strike.
• 2) Backward stepping – Here, your opponent may be coming in with overwhelming speed and power, which makes it necessary to follow up with another retreating movement after you receive his first strike. In this case, you step backwards with your leading leg into a rear ichimonji – striking if possible as you go.
• 3) “Change-step” stepping – In this instance, you find yourself too close to step in either a forward or backwards manner, but you want to generate full, knock-down power with the spine twist that is part of the taijutsu striking method. This change-step can be executed in two different ways, depending on certain variables and factors such as weight distribution over your feet, and where the edge of the kukan (“space of potential” between the combatant’s bodies) is. These 2 change-step methods are:
• a. Pulling the lead leg back to shizen (or the appropriate spot based on spacing), and stepping forward with the rear leg.
• b. Stepping forward to shizen (or the appropriate spot) with the rear foot, and then stepping back with the lead leg.

When done properly, and understood in the context of the situation (rather than based on a memorized technique), these three footwork methods allow the Ninja to attack his opponent’s exposed targets while:

• 1) Stepping forward / Advancing
• 2) Stepping away / Retreating, and…
• 3) Remaining in the same space / Holding

From its invention in the early 90’s gin rummy became one of the most played and well liked card games of all time. Playing gin rummy with family and friends turned to be a time for everyone to bond. It’s a little wonder why at these days, our favorite card games stepped a notch higher with internet ads such as Play Gin Rummy Online Free and the likes. Gin rummy can now be enjoyed and played not just with your family members and friends but with online gamers and virtual pals as well.

There are a lot of sites that cater the need of internet users to play games such as gin rummy. To play gin rummy online free and quickly, you only need to search for a good site that doesn’t do any unauthorized solicitations from gamers and a site that will not bring virus to your computer. In general, there are two ways on how a gamer can play gin rummy online free and without hassle; one is through finding online free card game sites and the other one is by downloading trial games from online sites.

The basic rules of the games don’t change even if you play gin rummy online free in the internet. You and your virtual opponent will still use the standard deck of cards. You still need to complete sets or runs to reached gin. The knock option is still available and the drawing and discarding are still the basic elements observed in playing.

Here’s a list of things one should remember before clicking links and ads that advertise “play gin rummy online free”.

1. As always, find a secured and reliable website to play from. The lame reason of clicking every site you see because you’re not buying anything or you’re just looking for a free site that will let you play is not good enough to risk your computer in acquiring hidden viruses and spammers. If you have doubts with the design of the website and its peculiar ways in getting information then immediately close it and find another one.

2. Look for gin rummy sites. It won’t matter if the site does not allow visitors to play because what you’re aiming for is their forums and threads where you can interact with other online gamers. More often than not, there’s a thread about recommended websites that allows free games of gin rummy posted by other players as well and game advertisers. So just take you pick and see each site for yourself.

3. In downloading free trial gin rummy games, make sure to verify if the file you’re going to download is totally and truly free. Comments from previous down-loaders will help you determine if the file is worth downloading. Once you’ve finished the download and used the maximum time in the free trial then immediately delete the file from your drive. It’s also better to drop a line or two to the site where you’ve downloaded the game for others to see and experience the fun that you had while playing gin rummy online for free.

They say the devil is in the details. That is certainly the case when it comes to remodeling. One example is in the area of insurance. It is probably common knowledge that the contractor or contractors you hire to remodel your home should be insured but what exactly does that mean?

Contractors carry 3 basic types of insurance: vehicle, liability and workman’s compensation.

Everyone is familiar with the first type. It covers accidents to persons or property caused by or involving the insured’s vehicle(s). Your contractor should carry this type to protect you in the event that he injures you, someone else or property with a vehicle he owns, controls or utilizes while at your home performing the work you hired him for.

The second type protects you in the event that you, someone else or your property are damaged as the result of the contractor’s work. This would cover things such as a piece of furniture that is broken by the contractor while working in your home. It would cover the medical costs if your son stepped on a jagged piece of debris left lying around the work site. It would cover a neighbor who trips and falls over a cord or hose and is injured.

If there is an incident, the contractor may elect to pay the cost himself rather than make a claim against his insurance and risk a premium increase. Regardless, the insurance needs to be sufficient and current to cover any reasonably possible accidents.

It is also a good idea to be familiar with your homeowner’s policy regarding these types of incidents and you can always ask your agent if the certificate of insurance the contractor has provided you is adequate for your protection.

The third type of insurance is workman’s compensation. This type of insurance is intended to cover any injury sustained by someone working on your home. This type is a little more complicated.

In most states the owner(s) of the business is not required to carry workman’s compensation insurance on themselves. If they are injured on your job they could sue you and your homeowner’s insurance carrier.

If the contractor has a work comp policy, who does it cover? Is the owner covered if he is working on the job? What about the other workers who may or may not be his employees? The time to be sure you are adequately protected is before the contract is signed and the job is begun. All of this only becomes important of course if there is an incident. You have nothing to gain however but everything to lose if something drastic happens and you are liable.

It is always best to consult with an expert in loss prevention and insurance in the area in which you live.

In recent years paintball pistols have become more widely available. It was around early 2000 that paintball pistols started to make a comeback. They died later in the 90’s because of the hyped-up semi-autos that were highly sought after. Paintball players wanted faster markers that could take them out of the older 12 gram playing style. Now that paintballers have gotten a good fill on the newer technology, pistols have stepped back into the lime-light.

More and more paintballers are looking for a trusty backup pistol to carry into the woods.

Nowadays, paintball has evolved into a multi-caliber sport. By multi-caliber, I mean there are different sizes of projectiles being shot. Two rounds that are commonly found to be used by paintball pistols are .43 and .68 caliber rounds. Most paintball pistols use these rounds.

The general rule is the smaller the caliber, the more shots you can expect to get per 12 gram co2 cartridge – which is exactly what power paintball pistols. However, the drawback to using a smaller caliber pistol is they tend to not shoot as far or as accurately. This is due to basic physics, as the mass of the projectile is lighter, allowing to react to the resistance of the air and wind on a different level then the weightier .68 caliber round.

To determine which caliber of pistol is best for you, you should pick which features are more important. If you go with a .43 caliber paintball pistol, then you will have to buy and use separate paintballs than your primary marker uses. While you would assume that .43 caliber paintballs would be cheaper, they aren’t always. They nearly cost the same as .68 caliber paintballs. However, some players just like having a pistol that shoots smaller rounds because they feel it simulates the real deal for effectively. In the end, it all boils down to preference.