One of the online multiplayer games that have been going up on the popularity charts continuously for the last few years is the League of Legends. It’s a MOBA, multiplayer online battle arena game, which for the first time was launched during 2009. Produced by Riot Games, it was meant for PC and Mac, however the latter version was subsequently closed.

Like any other MOBA game, this also comes in the typical 5v5 mode where two teams compete against one another with the intention of destroying the enemy base, called the Nexus, while using a common map.

League of Legends gave the additional option of using 3v3 for MOBA variety, and brought in the Dominion gameplay style. In Dominion style, players need to detain and seize 5 objective points to lessen the health of the enemy Nexus. The game in this form is designed to deliver a gameplay having a better speed.

Influence Points

While playing the League of Legends, the players use Influence Points as the chief currency. The total earning depends on quite a few factors, which include the summoner level, the game result plus the quantity of bots during the game. Players can also use influence points, known as IPs, for buying in-game items, like runes and champions.

Riot Points

This is an alternate currency offered to the players, and it can be procured through PayPal, prepaid Riot Point Game Cards and debit/credit cards.

Riot Points may be used for unlocking champions, rune pages, and different kinds of boosts, but they can’t be utilized for buying runes. Players can also earn Riot Points for free from other activities, including recommending this game to their friends.

Runes

Runes bring in a kind of customization to the League of Legends. Players are allowed to amplify an assortment of stats, like health, manna regeneration, movement speed, damage and a number of other stats, thus allowing them to play without changing the champion, but in different manner, depending on available options for mastery and rune.

Champions

Players get the option of selecting from a large number of champions, which keeps going up every week.

The players have to use Influence Points or Riot Points to unlock the champions before using them. Nevertheless, every week many free champions are available for playing, thus giving summoners an opportunity to test the champions before buying them. Different types of champions are offered. These include assassins, bruisers, casters, janglers, tanks and support.

Ranked Matches

There is not much of difference between ranked matches and the regular games, but depending on the outcome of the game, players are awarded a rank. It is called an ELO ranking system.The system has shaped what is called the “ELO Hell”. It refers to a situation in the ELO system that gets packed with broke players. It is quite challenging to escape this part of ELO structure due to the design of this game.

All funny dating headlines have one thing in common. Do you want some clue? It starts between the two jaws and always ends up making the two hearts mellow and mild. Any guesses? We call it a – smile.

Please find below profile headers that can survive the onslaught of time. And, of course, they have the power to leave you in a paroxysm of smile. You will smile a bit deeper and you will smile a lot wide.

• All I will leave here is my nappy (oops) happy prints: The nappies are back and they are not wet this time round. Let all the nappies in the world unite and pave the way for a secure smile!
• Let me see how far I can go with an innocent smile: A smile spiced with innocence is date-dynamic (counterpart of aerodynamic in the dating world) and therefore goes the longest mile here. What is more, I am on the verge of inventing an innocence meter for every smile.
• Now how long will you hold that breath in wonder: The breath has always been the carrier of things not transported through any other means or mediums. It enriches the blood with smile, on occasions; and hauls out frown almost all the time.
• Click only if you set your goals high enough: A goal is not just beneficial to soccer players but they come in handy to daters as well. It seems, with all due respect to dogs, posting a goal has more fire than a lamppost has water around it.

Remember, I have taken the call of smiles like no other; and I will now beat you right, left, black, blue and white.

Independent Pakistan

August 14, 1947, Sun rose and glittered the eyes of Muslims in their newly formed independent state. Bloodshed was there, millions of people died, an uncountable number of people migrated from India to Pakistan. A saturated system of control and authority was now required to create a balance among political, economic, and social aspects of the new state.

Liaquat Ali Khan was crowned as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, whereas, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was accounted as the first Governor General of Pakistan. In 1956, Iskander Mirza was accountable for the presidency of the state. Moreover, he took the charge in office and continued till 1958.

Upsets and Riots

Pakistan was divided into two regions, West Pakistan and East Pakistan. There was majority of Bengali Muslims that migrated to the new country. However, a new clash began when the majority Bengali Muslims started the “Bengali Language Movement” in 1950, as they wanted Bengali to be declared as an official language of Pakistan. This was not possible for the authorities to do as Urdu was the universal neutral language which was understood and spoken by majority people of several communities, castes, races, and identities.

This built a sense of social injustice in the hearts and minds of Bengali Muslims and hence they started developing a hatred for the Pakistani non-Bengalis.

1964 was another year of horrible happenings and events when East Pakistan Riots were brought up. Muslim communities started attacking the Hindu communities not only to loot them for wealth and money but also to forcedly convert them to Islam.

1971, was another year of liberation war, where Pakistan got broken up into two pieces namely, West Pakistan and East Pakistan (Bangladesh). Indian influences led to this partition when Pakistan was under military control since last a few years of General Ayub Khan and General Yahya Khan, who was his successor in the year 1969.

1971 – Separation of East Pakistan

A story about the people, who gave birth to the dream of Pakistan, and then after twenty-three years watching that dream getting killed by the military rulers of the western wing was painful. The people of the eastern wing were denied for labors, they were denied employment, they were denied for the voice of their own affairs and ownership rights. They stayed poor so that Islamabad could get rich and strong. With those riches, they create a strong powerful military machine.

In 1971, General Yahya Khan was forced to listen to the voice of Bengalis. Bengalis were expressed the first time in the history of free elections of 1971 as a separate identity. People of Bengal supported Shaikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman, who was the leader of Awami National Party. The Bengalis didn’t even realize the terrible prices they were about to pay and horrible crises that they were about to face. Moreover, General Yahya Khan and other politicians of the West pretended to negotiate with Mujib-ur-Rahman. However, the military of Pakistan protested a crackdown. General Tikka Khan, who was known as the “Butcher” of this whole as the military governor, on 25th March 1971, ordered the army to move and crush Bengal.

For the military power, religion has no meanings. The western wing of Pakistan army, killed each and everyone irrespective of the religion, in spite of a word being associated with it, that was “Bengali”. The western army killed Bengali Mullahs in the mosques, Bengali Hindus in the temples, Bengali Christians and Buddhists in the churches. People were burnt

to death. Terror and violence became the order of the day in the East Bengal and the reign of terror continued.

Furthermore, the west army believed that Bengal was a traitor to Pakistan. Women, kids, and aged people as well were killed by the invasion of West Pakistani soldiers. East Pakistan i.e. Bengal, became a giant graveyard. The west Pakistani air force launched fighting jets in order to develop and create disgrace among the Bengalis and to terrify them. However, due to this irreversible and unorganized ethical act of West Pakistan, the leader of Awami National League, Shaikh Mujib-ur-Rehman, raised the flag of Bengal high and declared Bengal as a separate and independent state of a separate identity than Pakistan.

The people who were unable to fight with West Pakistan crossed the borders, escaped from the country, and entered into India. India influenced Bengalis over this war. As a very large number of people were migrated to India, this was also known as one of the biggest migrations that ever took place. Furthermore, India planned and structured a proper refugee system for the migrated people that were now part of the Indian community. The Indian government set up camps, medical aids, meals, and shelter for the migrated Bengalis. Many people died during migration whereas, cholera, now, was the new enemy that caught lots of lives.

Moreover, individuals that wanted to build a sense of self-defense against Pakistan armies within themselves, such as students, parents, and officers, started early and basic training without arms, using a natural resource as bamboo shoots. Along with that in Bengal, a recruitment drive took place in search of eligible men so that they could be trained as army and weaponry officers for the eastern wing.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and The Political Modernity in Pakistan

Islam is our faith, democracy is our politics, socialism is our economy, all power to the people. Today’s time period is a distinguished period of world history that could be easily differentiated from the pre-modern world. Modern identities have been created that enables the individuals to think from a different point of view, but, paradoxically. This sense of modernity provides a platform to the people for their thoughtful self-cultivation.

“Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto”, the great Bhutto, educated from the leading University of Oxford, and trained as Barrister, joined politics as an effective member of President Iskander Mirza’s cabinet. He was appointed as foreign minister in the year 1963, just 4 years before he formed his own political party. Bhutto was dismissed from the employment soon and hence then he decided to build his own party that was named as “Pakistan People’s Party (PPP)”, in the year 1967, and lead it as progressing way for Pakistan. It was the first socialist party of Pakistan that belonged to the left wing, being against social injustice and socialist hierarchy of class, race, religion, etc.

The social, economic, and political conditions of Pakistan were not stable. There were unbalanced imageries, rhetoric, and communication, due to which the country was on way to lack of modernization and poverty. The country was getting poor, not only economically, but also in structuring proper authorities for control, development, and establishment. However, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto played a great vital role in caretaking the responsibilities of Pakistan.

“Food, Clothes, and Shelter”, this motto of the first socialist political party of Pakistan i.e. Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), always show its promising establishment of the base in the country. PPP, in the year 1967, was founded by the great and known personality of political society, “Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto”. Bhutto has always considered his party to reform and rebuild Pakistan as an established nation. Economically, socially and politically, Bhutto wanted to rebuild confidence and rebuilt hope in the hearts of people living in every area of Pakistan because a confident individual can contribute very honestly in building a saturated nation.

Incorporation of modernity, in an orthodox tackled nation, is a deep concern that includes all the disciplines of life. Either it is social life, practical life, professional life, economic or religious commodities. For a nation to prosper, economic stability and progress vision is a topic to debate about the most.

In 1964, when east Pakistan riot was in full swing, the conditions and situations enforced General Ayub Khan to resign of his post and to dissolve his power, that was at a very high peak during that time. However, General Ayub Khan gave his powers to General Yahya Khan in the year 1969. General Yahya Khan, the third president of Pakistan, enforced martial law and suspended the constitution in 1969. Moreover, he announced a framework for general elections to happen for the very first time in 1970. Since this was before the East Pakistan partition, therefore, a unified framework was implemented in both the wings of the West and East Pakistan. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the representative from the western wing (Pakistan People’s Party) whereas, Shaikh Mujib-ur-Rehman was the representative from the eastern wing (Awami National Party). As the result of general elections, 1970 was announced, it resulted in Pakistan People’s Party winning the majority seats from the west (a total of 39.1% of votes), with no seat won by Shaikh Mujib-ur-Rehman. The same situation was in the east, Shaikh Mujib-ur-Rehman’s Awami National Party won the majority in the eastern wing. However, Bhutto was elected as the fourth president of Pakistan, where he has served as an inspiring figure for the country.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Services for Pakistan

The fourth president of Pakistan belonged to the first socialist party of the country. He demolished the feudal system in Pakistan. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto has served very efficiently for the country either it is a political, social, or economic aspect even before taking the power of control and even after that.

Bhutto, Foreign Minister of Pakistan

Bhutto was appointed as foreign minister during the period of General Ayub Khan, where he made efforts for solving the major issue of Kashmir, however, this resulted in the inclusion of China, despite two countries i.e. India and Pakistan, for owning the land. As a foreign minister, it was his duty to build healthy relationships with the foreign countries that were meant to be beneficial for Pakistan’s progress. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto presented a part of the land from Kashmir that was measured as 750 sq km to China and this was named as “Sino-Pak Boundary Agreement”.

Simla Agreement – 1972

In the year 1972, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Simla, in the state of Himachal Pradesh, to meet Indian Prime Minister Indra Gandhi. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto demanded to release ninety-three thousand prisoners of war to Pakistan. Prisoners of war were a part of humanitarian problem i.e. crises. However, Indra Gandhi refused this demand of the Pakistani President but she got impressed by the principles of Bhutto’s ideology, his personality, and vision that enabled her to present 5000 sq.mi of territory back to Pakistan. Hence, paying a small price was a huge diplomatic success.

Kashmir Dispute:

The ceased fire line in 1948, was now turned into “Line of Control” after the Simla agreement in the region of Kashmir. The line of control is basically the de-facto border, that cannot be crossed until the final solution of Kashmir issue is accepted. India and Pakistan concluded that they will bi-literally decide the future of Kashmir i.e. without the interference of any third party. Before 1972 Simla agreement, the Kashmir dispute issue was under the observation of United Nations.

In the western part of Kashmir, the lower left part of Kashmir is known as “Azad Kashmir”. It is the part of Pakistan where Muslims are found in the majority and along with the upper left part (northern areas), commonly known as, “Gilgit” and “Baltistan”. Moreover, in the eastern part of Kashmir, the lower left part if known as the “Valley of Kashmir” with a Muslim majority. It is the part of India right now along with the lower right part that is known as “Jammu”, having majorities Hindu. The rest part of Kashmir is called “Ladakh”. Ladakh consists Buddhists around 40%, 40% Muslims, and 20% other religions. Ladakh is also under the control of India. However, the issue of Kashmir is not concluded to a final solution till date.

The Constitution of 1973

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, after the martial law got dissolved, asked for a proper framed national constitution for Pakistan. This had never ever been resulted in a success for any other leader before Bhutto. Bhutto, in one of speech, pointed out that General Ayub Khan criticized and taunted that the people of Pakistan have not much talent to create and develop a constitution for themselves, therefore they will never be able to get it. However, efforts of Bhutto made it possible and Pakistan got the first acceptable constitution from the National Assembly, in the year 1973, having Islam as the basic ideology of the country. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto resigned from the post of president to take the charge of first ever elected Prime Minister of Pakistan. He kept on improvising the constitution and modifying it with all good that he thought should be made part of agreeable terms in Pakistan.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and The Economic Modernity in Pakistan

PPP served as a strong movement when it comes to economic stability. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto created a balanced economic setup program, where he tried to nationalize the secondary and tertiary sector of Pakistan. Bhutto was the first leader who presented this nationalization theory that was promulgated afterward in order to create socio-economic reforms so that economy of Pakistan could face a great incline. PPP was responsible for founding Pakistan’s first Atomic Bomb program which gave Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the title of being Father of Nuclear Deterrence Program. Bhutto knew that a country’s progress lies in its economy. Hence, he tried his level best in order to bring an increase in it. Industrialization is the best source of economic growth and it was very well understood by PPP.

Besides, industries, PPP also focused brilliantly on developing research institutes, that produced high-class researchers and students. Production of these high caliber individuals resulted in the betterment of the country. Moreover, educational institutions and development centers were built, so that, quality education should be provided in order to persuade the process of emerging betterment of the country. PPP has always promoted the study on nuclear development because Pakistan today is the 7th largest atomic nation and has the ability to step up on the list. However, better atomic administrative programs can contribute vividly to country’s economic and social growth.

Pakistan People’s Party has contributed extensively to the social, economic, political, and cultural development of Pakistan in the world. It has been successfully indulged in taking Pakistan to new levels of stability among other countries and states. Moreover, PPP has collaborated in order to persuade Pakistan after a sustained effort. The work done by the political party of Bhutto and his followers is much worth, that includes the building of extensive road systems that spread all over the country within and beyond minority populated areas to majority populated areas, especially in the areas of Sindh.

During the PPP rule, the main source of progress for a country in the world was through agriculture and industry. However, PPP made remarkable efforts in order to reach the required mark and meet the required level of expected global demand. Several cities were developed using the urbanization planning system. Those rural cities were developed and

provided with facilities that created comfort zones for the people residing there. Among all the departments of the country, 4% of the total workforce was incorporated in the primary sector where 36% of the workforce was enforced in the secondary and tertiary sector of Pakistan. It focused on the provision of services instead of goods. Services like transportation, conversation, military, export/import, trade, communication in business means, and related activities were considered.

Stagflations of Pakistan People’s Party – A Structural Downturn

Every political party faces phases of downturns and shutdowns. Pakistan People’s Party after years of inclined progress was now in the downturn mode. The political party faced periods of stagflation, where they led to dismiss their power several times. Under the leadership of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan People’s Party went through the first and second period of stagflation. Between the years 1979 and 1988, PPP faced the third, heavily upset, period of stagflation when PPP was dropped out of the 1985 general elections by General Zia-ul-Haq, who was the sixth president of Pakistan, being the longest served head till date.

First Period of Stagflation:

The first period of stagflation came into the process when PPP faced a major economic downturn, in means of economy, currency, and industries. Pakistani currency i.e. PKR was devalued. All the power of a country is set into the labor work. Heavy mechanical industries were out-staffed since the employees were not being provided with their absolute wages with respect to the labor they did. This resulted in no production and caused a loss of approximately 254 million rupees along with the cancellation of the economic system, that was planned by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

Second Period of Stagflation:

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s presented economic policy produced a hug inevitable loss in the secondary and tertiary sector of the country. The budget was deflected and the graph of progress was going down day by day. The contribution of Pakistan in GDP was declined and started decreasing at a quick rate. Unemployment was dispersed in the country.

In economic language, “Gini Coefficient” is the term, used to describe the measure of inequality. It is a clean and statistical representation of the economy, wealth, and income, distributed among the nation’s residents. In rural areas, the Gini coefficient was increased by a good proportion of 22%, whereas in urban areas, it increased by 10%.

Unemployment in the 1970s, was increased by 16%. This rate of unemployment was three times the rate in the 1960s i.e. only 5%. However, this contributed to a great downfall for Pakistan People’s Party and Bhutto himself.

Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and General Zia-ul-Haq

In the general elections of 1977, Pakistan People’s Party once again grabbed the authorities by winning the elections with a 61.1% of the total votes cast. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was again the front face of Pakistan. There were conflicts about PPP being heavily rigged. However, in the year 1977 General Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law in the country by deposing the power of Pakistan People’s Party and appointed himself as the Chief Martial Law Administrator till he became the sixth president in 1978. Zia-ul-Haq hanged Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Shaheed) till death in 1979 as Bhutto was charged with murdering Ahmed Raza Kasuri’s father.

Moreover, it was now a time of great depression for Pakistan People’s Party. In the elections of 1985, General Zia-ul-Haq regarded PPP as non-participant and hence, the party was unable to stand in the elections and fight for the seat. Therefore, Muhatarma Benazir Bhutto, elder daughter of Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, started a movement for the restoration of the lost democracy, against the ruthless dictatorship of Zia-ul-Haq and this resulted in she, becoming the first elected woman Prime Minister of Pakistan in the general elections of 1988, where she served as the leader of the opposition party for the very first time.

Pakistan and India have faced a several numbers of wars between them due to many issues. The issues covered the economy, policy, social aspects, land reforms, agriculture, the primary sector, secondary sector, tertiary sector, and etc. However, the separation of Pakistan from India and then Bengal from Pakistan was anyhow a good sign for the western region. Although, it was not required Bengalis were a separate identity and their demands were agreeable and justified. Moreover, this does affect the politics of Pakistan and led to an unbalanced symmetry of authorities and their work for the country.

However, in 1970, Pakistan People’s Party got the charge. It was at high peaks of success mode unless a few triggering events took place. Those worse events that are discussed above, left a critical and dishearten impact of disgrace on the image of PPP. Pakistan People’s Party always has been a strong contender for the opposition and was the synonym to the words progress, leadership, confidence, trust, wealth, truth, loyalty, expertise, exploration. But after the death of Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, PPP faced a horror downfall and has not performed well in the electoral sessions of the country. The party has been dismissed several times in the 1990s. The mysterious death of Murtaza Ali Bhutto (Bhutto’s son) and Benazir Bhutto is still a question mark left. These unorganized events led PPP to a decline of political movements and hence today, the party is not in its full swing but seeming to achieve the target of re-winning the elections in the year 2018.

In contrast to the years the 1970s to 1990s and 2000s, Pakistan was in a good situation in the early years of governance. PPP in its early years served for the sake of the country, despite their plans got canceled and unsuccessful, the well-wishing for the country was visible. However, in contrast to today, visible situation of Pakistan’s government, it looks as if PPP will be holding the card of Ministry in the upcoming elections of 2018. Majority of followers believe that PPP is the party of building confidence, humanization, socialism, and nationalization, that is true in my opinion. Individuals are willing to bring PPP back to hold the charge of Pakistani government despite being going through an unusual culprit phase. The party is lacking behind in many aspects of the society, still with a hope of winning the general elections of 2018, with Bilawal Bhutto Zardari (son of Benazir Bhutto) representing PPP.

Johannesburg is often ignored as a tourist destination in South Africa, with Cape Town and the Kruger National Park traditionally being the destinations of choice for visitors to the country. Part of the reason for this seems to be the fact that Johannesburg has not marketed itself as a tourist destination strongly enough, despite having a number of worthwhile and historically significant places of interest.

Johannesburg has the largest population of any city in Africa, and has a colourful past as well as an exciting present.

Johannesburg was the location of the Old Fort Prison which housed many political prisoners during the apartheid era including Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Luthuli and Robert Sobukwe. Today, visitors can go on tours of the Old Fort Prison, which has been preserved as a tourist attraction. The area where it is located is called Constitution Hill, and was named after the Constitutional Court which shares the property with the Old Fort Prison.

The Johannesburg Zoo is another worthwhile attraction for visitors. It is home to more than 2050 animals, and one of its unique offerings is its night safaris, which allow visitors to explore the zoo by moonlight and view the zoo’s numerous nocturnal animals.

Johannesburg also has a vibrant nightlife and a large amount of cultural and musical entertainment. The city plays host to a popular annual jazz festival, Jazz on the Lake, which takes place in early September and which features a number of well-known local and international jazz artists.

Another worthwhile activity for tourists is to visit Soweto, a vibrant metropolitan township on the outskirts of Johannesburg. Soweto played a significant part in South Africa’s history and has a number of historically significant sites.

On June 16, 1976, violent riots took place in Soweto when African school children took the struggle against apartheid into their own hands and protested against the government requiring them to learn in Afrikaans instead of in their home languages. Many children died during these riots, the most famous being 12-year-old Hector Peterson who was gunned down by the apartheid police. Today, the Hector Peterson Museum in Soweto is dedicated to the memory of Hector Peterson and the other children who died in the Soweto riots.

In addition to the Hector Peterson Museum, Soweto offers visitors the chance to visit Nelson Mandela’s old house and to eat traditional food and drink traditional beer at a number of restaurants run by locals. For the young and the young at heart, Soweto offers bungee jumping at the world’s only bungee jump between two cooling towers. Abseiling and rap-jumping are also on offer at the Soweto Towers.

Johannesburg has much to offer as a tourist destination, and should certainly be on the itinerary of any visitor to South Africa because of the varied, exciting and interesting attractions on offer.

Over the years, New York City has been well represented by Irish mob bosses: from 19th Century Tammany Hall titan John “Smoke” Morrissey, to Mickey Spillane, the powerful boss of the West Side waterfront in the 1940s-50s, to Jimmy Coonan, a mad-dog killer who ruled the Westies Gang in Hells Kitchen during the 1970s-1980s. However, the first Irish mob boss in the history of New York City was Captain Isaiah Rynders, and he wasn’t even a full-blooded Irishman.

Rynders (1804-January 3, 1885), was born to a German/American father and an Irish Protestant mother. Rynders was first known as a professional gambler and pistol/knife fighter on the Mississippi River. In the mid-1830s, Rynders surfaced in New York City and immediately hitched his wagon to Tammany Hall, which was the Democratic party political machine that ruled New York City. Rynders soon clawed his way to the top of the Tammany Hall ladder. His specialty was organizing the Five Points street gangs on Election Day, assuring the poor Irish, most of whom couldn’t read or write, would vote for the right person.

Rynders made himself a wealthy man, as the owner of half a dozen grocery stores in the Paradise Square area, in addition to being the proprietor of several dive saloons. Rynders first drinking establishment was Sweeny’s House of Refreshment, located on Ann Street, which was frequented by volunteer fireman, most of whom were gang members themselves.

In 1843, Rynders founded the Empire Club, at 25 Park Row. From the Empire Club, Rynders organized such street gangs as the Dead Rabbits, the Plug Uglies, and the Roach Guards into a wave of political operatives, that ensured the election of anyone Tammany Hall wanted elected. Some of Rynders’ best men were, Dirty Face Jack, Country McCleester, Edward Z.C. Judson, Paudeen McLaughlin, Jim Turner, Lew Baker, and John Morrissey, who eventually took over from Rynders as the mob boss of the Five Points area. Rynders’ influence was so great at the time, his men’s intense prodding of the voters, led to the presidential elections of Franklin Pierce in 1852, and James Buchanan in 1856. After Buchanan was elected President, one of his first acts was to appoint Rynders to the post of U.S. Marshal for the Southern District of New York.

What ever went on in the Five Points area, and sometimes, anywhere in Manhattan, Rynders was sure to be involved. In 1849, Rynders was almost single-handedly responsible for the 1849 Astor Place Theater Riots. The riots started as a result of a transcontinental rivalry between American actor Edwin Forrest and British actor George Macready

Macready was considered to be the finest actor on earth. However, Macready was also a snob, who considered American actors to be far inferior to himself. Philadelphia-born Edwin Forrest was a New York actor, who was adored by the Five Points gangs. Unfortunately, it it was Macready who was the favorite of the American aristocrats, who frequented the upscale New York City theaters.

In 1848, Forrest traveled to England to play Hamlet. Forrest, although he felt he was at the top of his game, was rudely treated by the London crowds, and literally booed off the stage. In addition, the London newspapers excoriated Forrest as a lightweight, compared to their homeboy Macready. Forrest blamed Macready for inciting the theater-goers who insulted him while he was on stage, and also for the negative London press.

When Forrest returned to the United States, Rynders had already gotten wind of what had transpired across the pond. Rynders directed his cohort E. Z. C. Judson, who wrote under the pen name — Ned Buntline, to write a scathing piece, fanning the flames of the incident that had occurred in England, into a conflagration of international proportions.

The tensions increased when Macready decided to make a four-week “farewell tour” in America, commencing on May 7, 1849. Macready’s first appearance was scheduled to take place at the new Astor Place Theater, on Astor Place in Manhattan. As soon as Macready strutted onto the stage, Rynders rose from his seat, and along with the Irish street gangs he had brought with him, began pelting the stage with tomatoes, eggs, shoes, and what ever else they could get their hands on. Incensed at the indignity, Macready stormed off the stage and vowed never to appear in America again.

The New York City blue-blood crowd was up in arms about Rynders’ treatment of their favorite actor Macready. Immediately, they assembled a petition with 47 signatures, which included those of Washington Irving and Herman Melville, imploring Macready to give it one more try on the American stage. Macready gave in, and on May 10, just three days after the Rynders’ gang insurrection, Macready was scheduled to appear again at the Astor Theater to play Macbeth. By coincidence, Forrest was also scheduled to be on stage that same night playing Spartacus in “The Gladiator,” in a playhouse a mile south of the Astor Place Theater.

To heighten the tensions, the English crew of a docked Cunard liner announced they would become a visible presence at Macready’s performance. The bluejackets decreed they would physically confront any Five Points gang member who would dare humiliate Macready again.

Rynders did not take this threat lightly. He rounded up all his boys, and plastered posters all over New York City saying, “Workingmen, shall Americans or English rule this city? The crew of the English steamer has threatened all Americans who shall dare to express their opinion this night at the English Aristocratic Opera House! We advocated no violence, but free expression of opinion is to all men!”

New York City Mayor Caleb C. Woodhull feared a riot, and he dispatched 350 policemen, commanded by Police Chief G.W. Matsell, to the Astor Place Theater, to quell any potential violence. Woodhull also summoned General Sanders, of the New York Militia, to march his eight companies of guardsmen and two troops of Calvary, to the area surrounding the playhouse. It was estimated that by 7pm, more than 20,000 people had assembled on streets around the Astor Place Theater, itching for a fight.

When the curtain opened at 7:40 p.m., Macready faced a full house of 1800 people. The pro-Macready contingent vastly outnumbered Rynders group of motley gang members. For some unknown reason, during the first two scenes, Rynders and his crew did not budge from their seats. The authorities hoped, in spite of all the rhetoric, nothing untoward would occur that night at the theater.

That hope dissipated when Macready strode onto the stage for a third time. Deciding it was time to act, Rynders and his gang vaulted to their feet, and began hooting and hollering at Macready. The crowd outside took this as a cue to go into full attack mode. A huge mob, brandishing assorted weapons, charged at the theater, screaming, “Burn the damned den of aristocracy!”

The mob threw rocks and stones, which broke all the theater’s windows. Then, just because they could, the rioters busted every street lamp in sight. The police, which were vastly outnumbered, tired to squelch the disturbance, but to no avail.

Ned Buntline stood at the head of the angry mob, chanting, “Workingmen! Shall Americans or Englishmen rule? Shall the sons whose fathers drove the baseborn miscreants from these shores give up liberty?”

At 9 p.m., Col. Sanders and his troops arrived. Chief Matsell, finally giving up on his policeman being up to the task, and after being hit in the chest with a 20-pound rock, gave Col. Sanders the go-ahead to have is men shoot into the crowd. The firing commenced at a dazzling rate. Men, women, and children were hit by bullets, and a lady, who was sleeping in her bed 150 yards from the theater, took a bullet in her leg.

In a little over an hour, 22 people were killed and 150 injured. Five of the injured died within five days. Ned Buntline was arrested, along with 86 others. Buntline was tried and convicted of “inciting to riot,” and sentenced to a year in jail, and a $250 fine. Rynders somehow escaped arrest, and he and his gang members hightailed it back into the Five Points.

Rynders’ downfall started when he inexplicably abandoned Tammany Hall and his Irish cohorts, and joined the opposition Native American, or “Know Nothing Party.” Rynders renamed his political organization the Americus Club, and he aligned himself with Butcher Bill Poole, the head of the Native American Bowery Boys gang. Rynders’ place at Tammany Hall, and as commander of the Five Points Irish gangs, was immediately taken by John “Smoke” Morrissey.

The loss of Rynders’ power was vividly displayed during the 1857 Fourth of July holiday, when gang riots that took place in the area, in and around the Five Points. The Irish Five Point gangs began their Fourth of July celebration on July 3, when they raided a Bowery Boy’s dive at 42 Bowery. Initially, the two Irish gangs involved were the Dead Rabbits and the Plug Uglies. However, the Bowery Boys were able to beat the two Irish gangs decisively, driving them back into the Five Points.

The following day, the Irish Roach Guards joined the other two Irish gangs, and the tide turned decisively. The three Irish gangs invaded a ginmill favored by the Bowery Boys called “The Green Dragon,” on Broome Street, near the Bowery. They pummeled the Bowery Boys out of their own joint, and for good measure, they ripped up the entire dance floor and drank all the liquor in the establishment.

The following day, the Bowery Boys, who were now joined by another Native American gang called the Atlantic Guards, invaded Irish gang territory in the Five Points. The two warring factions met head-on at the corner of Bayard Street and the Bowery, and thus began one of the most spirited free-for-all gang fights in the history of New York City. The battle spread along Bayard, Baxter, the Bowery, Mulberry, and Elizabeth streets. It was estimated that 800-1000 gang members took place in the brawl. Combatants used bludgeons, paving stones, brick-bats, axes, pitchforks, guns, and knives. Not only were citizens attacked, but the gangs also looted every store in sight.

The New York Times wrote, “Brick-bats, stones, and clubs were thickly flying around in all directions, and men ran wildly about brandishing firearms. Wounded men lay on the sidewalks and were trampled upon. Now the Rabbits would make a combined rush and force their antagonists up Bayard to the Bowery. Then the fugitives, being reinforced, turned on their pursuers and compelled a retreat to Mulberry, Elizabeth, and Baxter streets.”

At the time, there were two New York City police forces fighting amongst themselves for the right to police the city. They were the Metropolitan Police Force and the Municipal Police Force. These two groups were more interested in battling themselves, than they were in quelling the riots. Therefore, they were at best – ineffective, and at worst – disinterested, in ending the gang war. Not realizing Rynders had lost the favor of the Irish gangs, on the evening of July 4, the captains of both police forces decided to call in Rynders to help end the riots. Rynders stood in the middle of the combatants and begged both sides to stop the senseless hostilities.

“I implore you to end this carnage!” Rynders yelled. “You are killing each other for what purpose? For what end?”

The rioters ignored Rynders, and instead, both sides, including the Irish gangs whom Rynders had once ruled, threw rocks and stones at Rynders. Rynders was severely wounded and forced to run for his life.

In the years that followed, Rynders faded into obscurity. He surfaced briefly in 1862, when he backed crooked New York City Mayor Fernando Wood, in Wood’s attempt to withdraw New York City from the Union, and make it a sovereign state unto itself. Then in 1863, Rynders opposed the Federal Government’s right to draft men to fight into the Civil War. This resulted in the 1863 Civil War Riots, which caused scores of Negroes to be slaughtered, as well as the deaths of over 1000 rioters, mostly gangs members once aligned with Rynders, when he was de-facto boss of the Five Points area.

To add insult to injury, Rynders Street, which had been originally named in Captain Isaiah Rynders’ honor, was changed to Centre Street, which it is still named to this day.

In 1976, Captain Isiah Rynders was portrayed in the historical novel The Furies, by John Jakes and he also appeared in the non-fiction book Lucrecia Mott (1999), by Dorothy Sterling.

In this modern world as scientists produce new technology for the welfare of mankind it only results in new luxuries being produced. This attitude by people towards the environment is changing because they want more and more luxuries and they are destroying the environment for this reason.

They use instruments like fridges, air conditioners etc that release C.F.C’s in the environment which in turn deplete the Ozone layer but these gadgets not used before the 19th century, according to recent researches the depletion of ozone has increased by about 50% in the 20th century. The uncontrolled deforestation to built buildings for their own accommodation is increasing the oxygen content in the atmosphere, which is leading to global warming. The increasing riots also increase pollution as many cars are set on fire during the riots. This increases the temperature of that place as well as the global temperature; wars are also producing much type of pollutions like air, water, land, noise and radiation. The testing of missiles produce toxic radioactive gases like Radon, Xenon, So2 ,Co etc.

The increasing use of plastic bags leads to the pollution of the land and the sea. These plastic when buried in the earth do not decompose and convert that land into bad land not suitable for agriculture; throwing these plastic bags into the sea kills the fish. The use of loud speakers at late night parties, marriages Noise come from all over the place. Noise from road traffic, jet planes, jet skies, garbage trucks, construction equipment, manufacturing processes, lawn mowers, leaf blowers, and boom boxes, to name a few, are among the audible litter that are routinely broadcasted in the air or from road traffic, jet planes, jet skies, garbage trucks, construction equipment, manufacturing processes, lawn mowers, leaf blowers, and boom boxes lead to increase in sound pollution which have many harmful effects like disturbance in sleep, deafness etc.

At the end I would like to say that if this trend of modernization continues we will ultimately change the earth into a place, which will be full of pollution and unsuitable for flora and fauna.

So what images conjure up in your mind when you hear ‘fantasy cricket’? Well as the term itself suggests, it lets your imagination run wild and lets you live your dream. Fantasy cricket basically means a game where you can build up your own fantasy XI. All cricket fans have their own dream XI, and they always wish to create their dream team. Fantasy cricket is an opportunity for such cricket fans to unleash their cricketing brains and use their knowledge to create their dream team.

All cricket lovers at some point or the other have been dissatisfied with the team which has been selected for a match or an entire series. In such a scenario, everyone feels that they know what the best combination of their favorite team must be. Often fans end up frustrated and wish that they could have a say in the team selection process. Well this does not seem possible, so why not settle for the next best option available. Take part in fantasy cricket and choose your own team and see how they actually perform in the cricket field.

There are many online sites which provide cricket fans with the option of playing fantasy cricket. There are some websites where users simply need to get themselves registered for playing the game online. On the other hand there are also sites which require visitors to pay a certain sum of money to be able to play the game.

Playing fantasy cricket is very simple. First of all what you need to do is choose your dream team from the set of existing International players. The player list contains the name of players who are playing in the series and a point value is allotted to them depending on their form and skill levels. Visitors can have their own scoreboard containing the names of the players they have selected for their team. The scorecard will display the performance of your selected players.

As the series gets underway, your selected scorecard will get populated depending on the on field performance of your selected players. Remember winning or losing a fantasy cricket game depends on the performance of the player on the field and not by the reputation they have. For example Sachin Tendulkar is a great player with staggering statistics. However since he has not been active in international cricket for a long time, having him in your fantasy team, can actually be a burden. So use your head while choosing your team and do not go by what your heart says.

Cricket is a team game and so you will have to choose a properly balanced team to play the game. This means that you cannot pack your team with all the top stars of the cricketing world. You will have to think and balance out newcomers with the stars in order to create a team within the allotted point budget. Before you embark on playing fantasy cricket online, make sure that you are very well aware of the rules of the game. I am sure that you do not want be in a situation where you do not know what you are exactly up to while dealing with anything related to your favorite game.

Fantasy cricket provides the opportunity to many cricket fans to realize their dreams of selecting their team. Fans can select their own team and actually see how these players perform in the field. This is a wonderful opportunity for serious cricket lovers. So what are you waiting for, sign up and start playing fantasy cricket.

Nothing incites the general public more than someone trying to charge for something that was once free. Yet that’s exactly what entrepreneur Oscar F. Spate tried to do in the New York City parks in the blistering summer of 1901.

It all started in Central Park on June 22, 1901, when a group of people spotted rows of bright green rocking chairs along the park’s mall, near the casino. Usually in this same spot, stood rows of uncomfortable wooden hard benches, so it was a pleasure indeed for the park-goes to sit and rock and enjoy the wondrous summer day.

Suddenly, two broad-shouldered men approached the rocking-chair sitters. They wore identical gray suits and they carried black satchels with straps over their shoulders. The men in gray told the sitters that these were private chairs for rent, and that if they wanted to continue sitting they had to fork over five cents a day for the better seats, and three cents a day for seats that were not in as preferential a position in the park. Some people vacated their seats, but others paid. People who did neither were physically ejected from the seats. When they asked why, the men in gray said, “Them’s Mr. Spate’s chairs.”

This new phenomenon was covered extensively and very contentiously, in the following day’s daily New York City newspapers. And the man on the hot seat was the president of the Park Commission – one George C. Clausen.

It seemed that a few days earlier, Clausen had been visited in his official Park Commission office by a man named Oscar F. Spate. Spate seemed amiable enough, and he offered Clausen a proposition Clausen saw no difficulty in accepting. It seemed that Spate said he wanted to place comfortable rocking chairs in the parks throughout New York City. And for the privilege of doing so, Spate offered the city the tidy sum of $500 a year.

“They do this in London and Paris,” Spate told Clausen. “And it would undoubtedly be good for New York City.”

Clausen saw no problem with Spate’s line of thinking, so he readily agreed; albeit without first consulting with the other member of the Park Commission. As a result, Clausen graced Spate with a five-year contract, allowing Spate to place his rocking chairs in all the New York City parks. With the ink still not dry on his contract, Spate immediately ordered 6,000 chairs, costing about $1.50 each. If Spate’s projections were correct, these chairs would earn him an estimated $250-$300 a day.

An associate of Spate, who asked a newspaper reporter for anonymity, said that Spate had already invested $30,000 in his new venture. The reporter did the math and he came up with the rocking chairs only costing Spate around $9,500. Pray tell, where did the other $20,500 go?

Spate’s spokesman said nothing to enlighten the reporter.

“Well, there’s always expenses in things like this, you know,” he told the scribe.

The New York City press knew a story when it hit them in the face, so they managed to track down Spate in his offices in the St. James Building, on Broadway and 26th Street, near Madison Square Park. When questioned by the reporters, Spate became indignant.

“I’ll put in as many chairs as they will allow,” Spate told the reporters. “The attendants who collect the charges are in my pay. They will wear gray uniforms, and each will look after about fifty chairs, from 10 a.m. to 10 p. m. A five-cent ticket entitles the holder to sit in either a five-cent, or a three-cent chair in any park at any time during that day. But the holder of a three-cent chair can only sit in a three-cent chair.”

Spate also told the reporters he was doing the city a favor, since charging for the chairs would keep the undesirables (read – the poor) out of the parks, thereby keeping the parks sparkling clean and free of loiterers who leave a mess in their wake.

The outrage from the New York City press and from philanthropists came swift. Randolph Guggenheimer, the president of the Municipal Council, said he “saw no good reason for allowing private parties to occupy park grounds and make money through a scheme like this.” The New York City Central Federated Union sent a statement to the press denouncing both Spate and Clausen for their “hideous actions.” The New York Tribune wrote in an editorial, “This is only another instance of the hopeless stupidity of the present Park Commission.” The New York Journal also wrote an editorial defending the “rights of poor people to sit in public park.” However, the New York Times saw no problem in what Spate was doing, as long as “the prices were regulated properly.”

Park Commissioner Clausen tried to defend his actions by telling the press that there were always plenty of free benches for people to sit on, except, of course, on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. The New York Tribune pointed out that those were the days with the biggest demand for seats in the parks.

As this issue became monumental, Spate became more resolute. He ordered more chairs be placed in Central Park, and also in Madison Square Park, which was across the street from his office. Some people paid to sit, and those that didn’t, were unceremoniously thrown out of the chairs by Spate’s thugs in gray suits.

Things quieted down for a few days, as few people protested paying for the seats. That all changed on Wednesday 26, 1901, when the city’s outside temperature rose above 90 degrees. By Saturday the temperature had risen to 94 degrees and nineteen people had perished in New York City due to the insufferable heat conditions. The temperature reached 97 degrees on Sunday, making it the hottest day on record with the Weather Bureau since June of 1871. On Sunday, fifteen more people died, and on Tuesday, with the temperature rising to 99 degrees, two hundred deaths were reported. There were 317 heat-related deaths on Wednesday, which made, in the time period from June 28th to July 4th, a total of 382 heat-related deaths in Manhattan alone, along with 521 hospitalizations for heat prostration. Altogether, in a seven-day period in the metropolitan district of New York City, which included Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond County, there were 797 deaths and 891 heat prostrations. Things were so bad, that on July 2nd, the city’s hospital ambulance drivers worked 24 hours straight with no relief.

With the city in a heat-related frenzy, harried people hurried to the city’s parks, which were now ordered by the Park Commission to stay open all night. When people arrived at the parks, they discovered that many of the free benches were no longer there, and the ones that were still present in the parks had been moved into the sun, making them too hot to sit on. However, Spate’s green chairs were sitting nicely in the shade, making them more attractive to the people fighting the stifling heat.

On Saturday July 6th, the situation reached a boiling point. A man sat in one of Spate’s chairs in Madison Square Park, and he absolutely refused to pay the five cents that Spate’s man Thomas Tulley demanded. Finally, Tully pulled the chair from out under the man and bedlam ensued. An angry crowd surrounded Tully and began shouting, “Lynch him! He’s Spate’s man!”

Tulley fought his way through the crowd and sped across the street to the Fifth Avenue Hotel, where he rushed upstairs and locked himself in a room. The crowd gathered in the hotel lobby for about 30 minutes, when policemen arrived and escorted Tully from the hotel to wherever he called home.

Later that day, with the heat still beating down on the park-goers, another one of Spate’s men evicted a boy who was sitting in one of Spate’s chairs in Madison Square Park and had refused to pay the necessary five cents. An angry crowd attacked Spate’s man, and when a policeman tried to intervene, he was dumped into the park’s fountain. Spate’s man fled the park in fear, and after he did, delighted people began taking turns sitting in Spate’s chairs (without paying of course). When nightfall arrived, several people carried Spate’s chairs home with them as trophies to grace their own living rooms.

The following day, Sunday, July 7th, the uneasiness moved to Central Park, where a huge crowd gathered in defiance of Spate and his green rocking chairs. While two of Spate’s men guarded Spate’s precious chairs, the crowd marched perilously close to the chairs chanting to the tune of “Sweet Annie Moore”:

We pay no more!

We pay no more!

No more we pay for park

Chairs any more!

Clausen made a break

One summer’s day.

And now he ain’t

Commissioner no more!

As the crowd converged on the chairs, people who had already paid for the right to sit, abandoned the chairs and fled from the park. One of Spate’s man quit his job on the spot, and he also fled the park. However, another one of Spate’s men continued to try to collect the chair fees. But he quit his job too after an angry old lady jabbed him in the back of the neck with a hairpin.

On Monday July 8th, Madison Square Park was the site of almost constant rioting. A dozen or so boys went from chair to chair, sitting for as long as they pleased, accompanied by an unruly crowd threatening to hang any of Spate’s men who tried to collect any fees. A brave and foolhardy Spate employee named Otto Berman slapped one boy in the face. The crowd surrounded Berman and his life was saved by six policemen, who bum-rushed Berman out of the park and into safety. Things had gotten so-out-of-control in Madison Square Park, police reenforcement were called in from the nearby West Thirtieth Street police station.

In the late afternoon, two men occupied two of Spate’s chairs and offered a thousand dollars to any of Spate’s men who could evict them from the chairs. Two of Spate’s men jumped in and tried to collect the reward, but they were promptly beaten to a pulp by the two men, who turned out to featherweight champion of the world Terry McGovern, and former fighter and then-boxing ring announcer Joe Humphreys. The police stormed the park and arrested six rioters, whom they led in cuffs to the Thirtieth Street police station. The policemen and the arrestees were followed by a crowd estimated at 200 people, who were marching in lock step and chanting:

Spate! Spate!

Clausen and Spate!

Spate! Spate!

Clausen and Spate!

On Tuesday, July 9th, the riots continued in both Madison Square Park and Central Park. However, the New York City police took a different tactic, when they were ordered by Police Commissioner Michael Murphy not to aid any of Spate’s men trying to collect fees, and not to arrest any of the rioters, unless court magistrates issued arrest warrants for the individual rioters. At this point, several of the magistrates told the press they would not issue any warrants, which gave the rioters the (wink-wink) go-ahead to do as they pleased with Spate’s chairs.

By this time, the president of the Park Commission George C. Clausen was figuratively tearing the hair from his own head. Having first said he could do nothing about the situation without the permission of the rest of the Park Commission, Clausen then reversed himself and said since he was the one who had confirmed Spate’s contract, he could also revoke Spate’s contract with New York City. Spate quickly answered by by getting a court injunction “restraining Mr. Clausen and the Park Commission from interfering with his valid contract with the City of New York.”

In an act of desperation, Spate ordered his men not to place his chairs on the ground, but to pile them in heaps in Madison Square Park and Central Park, and rent them only if they were paid for in advance. However, as soon as someone rented one of Spate’s chairs, members of the crowd grabbed the chair and broken it into little pieces.

Soon the crowd, tired of Spate and his chairs, began bombarding Spate’s men with rocks and stones, as Spate’s men hid behind and under the chairs piled up in heaps. Spate himself entered both parks to try to enforce his contract, but was forced to flee both times, as he was chased with rocks and stones flying past his head.

Finally, on July 11, a hero named Max Radt, the vice-president of the Jefferson State Bank, went into state Supreme Court and got an injunction forbidding Spate and the Park Commission from charging people to sit in Spate’s green rocking chairs. Spate, realizing he was a beaten man, promptly put all his chairs in storage. A few days later, Spate announced to the press he was “abandoning his project.”

Oscar F. Spate dropped out of sight and was never seen or heard from again in New York City.

A few weeks later, the Parks Commission issued a press release to the New York City newspapers announcing that the president of the Park Commission — George C. Clausen – had used his own personal money to purchase what was left of Spate’s green rocking chairs. These chairs were to be placed in parks throughout New York City. On each of these chairs was stenciled the lettering, “For the Exclusive Use of Woman and Children.”

And right above the declaration, in large letters was painted the word “FREE.”

Agent CS (Orthochlorobenzylidenemalononitrile) was first prepared in 1928 by two American chemists, Ben Corson and Roger Stoughton. (The CS initials were taken from the first letters of the names of the discoverers). However, it remained until 1956 for the British CBW laboratory at Porton Down, the Chemical Defense Experimental Establishment, to develop CS as a riot control agent. CS was first used on a large scale by the British in the Cyprus riots. In 1960, CS was officially adopted by the United States Army for use in riots.

CS in its pure form is a white crystalline powder resembling talcum powder. It is classified as an irritant agent and lachrymator. Since it is made of solid particles, it must be carried through the air by an agent or expelled in a fine dust. The odor is rather pungent.

CS causes burning and lacrimation of the eyes as well as irritation of the skin and respiratory system. The burning effects of the eyes and skin will be similar to CN and the irritation of the respiratory system will result in sneezing. It could take many seconds before the effect of CS is realized. CS is most irritating in a humid climate and on a moist skin surface. Anyone who has lost his sense of feeling because of the influence of narcotics or alcohol will not be affected by CS.

CS is a lachrymator and sneeze producer at levels as low as 0.05 mg/m3. The powder CS is designated CS1 and is much more durable than the aerosol form of the agent. As a further refinement, CS1 is coated with silicone to extend its field persistence up to several weeks; the weatherproofed variety is called CS2.

Being extremely persistent, CS causes a severe area decontamination problem. Particles disseminated by any of the standard means of dispersion will adhere to the person, clothing, furnishings, or fixtures for long periods. Humid conditions will cause the odor and irritant effect to linger indefinitely.

Decontamination is achieved by using an alkaline solution. A solution of water and 5% sodium bisulfite is usually employed for decontamination.

CS is less toxic than CN and has only transient effects on the eyes. However, both CS and CN cause dermatitis and are sensitizers that may cause very serious allergic reactions upon repeated exposure. Toxicological tests demonstrated that animals dying after exposure to CS show increased counts of goblet cells in the respiratory tract and conjunctiva (the mucous membrane in the eyes, lining the eyelid and covering part of the eyeball), necrosis (the death of cells) in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, pulmonary edema (lungs filled with fluid), and hemorrhage in the adrenal. Death results from impaired oxygen transfer to the blood stream as a result of edema, hemorrhage, and obstruction of the air passages in the lungs. In the case of a substance such as CS, attention must be directed to the breakdown products that will occur in the human body. Cleavage or hydrolysis into malononitrile and ortho-chlorobenzaldehyde is a reaction that is 50% complete in about ten minutes. The malononitrile is believed to suffer degradation to cyanide and thiocyanate whereas the remainder of the molecule is combined with glycine and excreted as ortho-chlorohippuric acid. Therefore malononitrile is a highly toxic substance found in CS. The mortal dose for a 150 pound person is estimated to be about a gram or less.

The President of North Korea knows that he doesn't have to send missiles to threaten the United States because it is starting its own war within the country. What the rest of the world is seeing and most shocked about is the attitude of the President in response to the race riots in Charlottesville. He not only appears to condone them but has been taking advice from the leader of the riot and also the head of the White Supremacist Movement.

Videos showing an interview with the latter who used the same words as Trump did at a press conference 2 hours later confirms they were in discussions. This has heightened awareness that the situation is not only intolerable but the country will soon implode on itself.

What is happening here is the man has taken over an institution of long-standing civil rights and peaceful acceptance of people of all race, color, and creeds. His agenda is more targeted at removing those he considers 'undesirable' citizens, even those who are the descendants of the slaves who helped to build the country into what it is today.

Many of those targeted in the riots and by his vitriolic rhetoric are either veterans, who served in foreign wars, or are friends, relatives, or supporters of them. His lack of concern for the deaths of three innocent people has shown his true character.

The Black-Americans are there because of the kidnapping and brutal treatment dished out to their ancestors when they were snatched from foreign countries to make some wealthy. Others have arrived after fleeing devastation in their home-lands and have found sanctuary there under the rule of previous Presidents.

My anger at what has been shown on local television in Australia is deep because of my spirituality and memory of reincarnation. Everyone has returned because we are in the last days. Some have returned as black skinned, some as other colors, and some as white. This I know because I was a man in my last life and a woman in this one.

Changing from one race to the other is part of God's punishment because what we do in life has been noted and now the retribution is coming. The world is on the brink of major change and it sits on a precipice of destruction that will not end before the majority are dead. This is noted in the Old Testament prophecies and they are coming true:

"The dead of God shall be at that day from one end of the earth to the other …" Isaiah 25:33

It is unlikely that Kim Jong-un has read these prophecies but he is one the players that will make it happen. Donald Trump is another. If America goes to war with itself it will be all the easier for him to continue to produce nuclear warheads that may ultimately reach many countries, including Australia.

The world is on tender hooks and there is little respect for what the White House is about at this time. The question is how long the situation will prevail before the end comes?