Richard Rothstein, Harvard educated professor, writes about the role zip codes play in the under education of children. This is a starting point for me because Dr. Rothstein is so on target. Yet back when I was a child in Los Angeles my husband Ron, and Diane my dear friend, were raised in those ZIP Codes of limited success Dr. Rothstein talks about; yet we went on to have professional careers in different pathways leading to lifelong success and prosperity. And we are products of the wrong zip codes. I appreciate the research of Dr. Rothstein; and it’s like that elephant fable: depending on what part of the elephant you come upon as a blind person; it is indeed is all true.

In a behemoth city like LA, Ron, Diane and I attended three large urban high schools with Diane at Jordan, which would be closest to the flame point for the Watts Riots; Fremont High is further north and Ron’s home school; and I attended Manual Arts which was closest to downtown Los Angeles. What Ron, Diane, and myself share being African descended students was articulated by esteemed scholar W.E.B. Dubois when he wrote, “Does the Negro Need Separate Schools?” He offers the following rationale. The historic past of African descent children/students is best overcome by an effective relationship between a child and teacher where there is respect for the unique heritage and experience of these students. Such a relationship enhances the student/teacher beyond the status of “Other” as identified by Dr. Toni Morrison in her writings about race in America. We three all experienced teachers of this ilk in our journey through school. These teachers were enablers of our talents; often telling upcoming teachers of our strengths as students and of our affable personalities.

Diane and I meet at a reception for Delta Sigma Theta Scholarship winners as we graduate from high school and move on to the college which becomes California State University at Los Angeles. We are both English majors and follow different pathways to becoming award- winning principals in California and Colorado. Ron would eventually complete his degree in Colorado. His career journey was as the Trade Act Administrator for the Division of Labor and Employment for the state of Colorado. I am celebrating conquering the zip code theory. But on the way to closure on this Ron notes his work with the Department of Labor and Employment. He was the point of retraining authorization for Coloradoans whose jobs are moved outside the United States. These individuals from all over the state of Colorado universally required remediation in secondary educational skills before entering retraining curriculums.

This reality left him pondering the status of public education teacher preparation programs. What changes are relevant to meet the demands of strengthening the educational toolkit at the colleges where teachers are readied. Time for some dynamic review and evolution. This topic will be developed in its own unique article.

Ta Nehisi Coates, award- winning writer provides the concluding statement for this message.

Black people must revel in their community and find joy in it because it is what they have. The struggle is hard but it provides meaning in this life.

From my tiny spot here up north I observe that Norwegians, together with the rest of the world, probably, have taken Parmigiano Reggiano to heart. Aka Parmesan, a French name by the way. We cannot have enough of it. Personally I am more in favour of the Swiss Sbrinz, but it is made only in minute quantities, most of which is consumed domestically. The small part being exported, goes to Italy, of course. I think most of us are approaching the way Italians make use of the cheese, for everyday use. Most Italians though, have some finer versions for festive use, such as Sundays. We mostly don’t. The reason for that is probably ignorance and availability.

I like being precise; so there is Parmigiano Reggiano, and then there is Parmigiano Reggiano. What’s the difference?

What’s all this with Parmigiano Reggiano?

Depends on your perspective of course and how concerned you are with authenticity. This cheese has become a, volume wise, huge cheese, sold all over the world. That naturally also introduces a few challenges. The artisan cheese that it once was, all the way back when it started, you have to look carefully to find. Most of today’s cheese come from big dairies. Does not have to be anything wrong with that, though. But, it seems to be the rule that the bigger the players, the more they want it their way, spending huge resources changing the rules in their favour. Enough to mention Camembert. But this has also happened to Parmigiano Reggiano, long before the Camembert issue. According to what was said during a tasting at Cheese 2017, there is allowed to use quite a few additives in making the cheese, allowed because the big actors find it useful, not allowed earlier and not applied by the small dairies. But that is not my concern with this post. I want to talk about milk. A rather important factor when it comes to cheese making. Hard to make good cheese from bad milk, but of course quite possible to make bad cheese from good milk. There is a lot of different breeds out there, and all of them with their own individuality. Of course. Some of them provide milk very suitable for making cheese while others are not necessarily in the same league.

Vacca Bianca Modenese og Vacca Rosso

Earlier, Parmesan was made with milk from these two breeds. I am not saying originally, because it is a cheese with a long history, but there are mentions of Vacca Rosso as far back as around year 1000. Benedictine monks were using milk from this breed to make Parmigiano Reggiano. The white appeared later, I think, through cross breeding; Vacca Rosso and Grey Podolico (Grigi di tipo Podolico).

At least that seems to be the opinion. As a matter of fact, these two breeds were very well suited for providing milk for the Parmigiano Reggiano making, and cheese in general for that sake. That has to do with the Protein/Fat ratio, which is important when it comes to cheesemaking and which milk is best suited for making which cheese. For these two breeds the content of kappa proteins in their milk is specially high, according to Slow Food. Which is a good thing. And? To-day there are only relatively small herds left of these two breeds. But they, or some, are working hard on increasing them. Milk from these two breeds are not blended to make cheese, it is either or. So you have Vacca Bianco Mondenese Parmigiano Reggiano from the Modena area and Vacca Rosso Parmigiano Reggiano from the Reggio-Emilia area.

So what is the problem?

Huge demand attracts big participants demanding lots of milk to run their operations. The Vacca Bianca Modenese and Vacca Rosso are too few and the output from each of them is far too low for the big players. So they have pushed the introduction of Holtein-Friesians. It has a huge output. Most breeds have an annual maximum, if you feed them more believing you can get more milk from them, you’re wrong. They only get fat from this excess feeding. Not so with the Holstein-Friesians. The more you feed them the more milk you get. In return you get what is commonly called “white water”. It is generally accepted the milk quality from Holstein-Friesians is poorer than from other breeds. That does not stop a lot from using milk from this Dutch breed in cheese making, even though it is better suited for consumption milk. The Holstein-Friesian is like a machine.

Suboptimal milk

From this we can learn that most of the Parmigiano Reggiano we consume comes from suboptimal milk, carefully put. It’s all about “milking the market”. That is of course a familiar driving force. It brings us back to Parmigiano Reggiano as an everyday cheese, though, good for grating. The cheese for those special occasions comes from Vacca Bianca Modenese and Vacca Rosso. They are rather rare, but probably easier to get hold of the Vacca Rosso cheese. If the milk comes from any of the two breeds, it is on the label, fear not. That’s how exclusive it is.

So while most of us are only concerned with the age of the Parmigiano Reggiano we eat, we should be more concerned with what type of milk it is made from.

Vacca Bianco Modenese

Apart from excellent milk this breed also provide extraordinary beef. Besides, in earlier times it was a very useful animal in the fields. So if you are offered beef from the Vacca Bianco Modenese, do not hesitate. In the meantime I recommend you go looking for the real Parmigiano Reggiano.

Well Isn’t it quite an understatement if one thinks that fashion in India has come of age and in the last few decades, there has been a complete shift of thought as to how fashion was perceived to be and how the recent trends has transformed Indian Fashion into a global brand.

India being a country with an age old legacy of clothing & known for producing some of the best intricate creations in the world, yet seems to have a long way to go

How it All Began-

Over the years, popular Bollywood trends have been dominating the fashion scene from Madhubala’s Anarkali-look with kurtas and churidars in Mughal-e-Azam (1960),to the purple embroidered sari worn by Madhuri Dixit in Hum Aapke Hain Koun. Thus, by taking a cue form history and passing on the rich & royal flavour onto the costumes designed for movies or social events has facilitated Indian designers and Indian clothes to make its mark all over the world.

The Birth of Changing Fashion-

Moreover, it was not until the birth of the 80s which was the period when the first generation of Indian fashion designers started to emerge including Satya Paul. Research shows that the designs and ensembles from some of the world’s most talented designers, proves that- some of these “new” trends are simply a part of the Retro-culture which brings back yesteryears fashion into the present times.

The “Feminine Factor” – Biggest influence on evolving Fashion-

Fashion is & always been women centric, no doubt whenever a woman is dressed in a traditional “Saree” it makes her look sensuous and beautiful. Naturally this explains the great extent to which Indian woman have been the centre of attraction to all things that is about fashion & social change.Today the ‘Saree’ is no more the staple dress for women that it was once upon a time and even women in their 30s today find it not so practical in wearing the Saree as they are not used to it. No wonder in offices of an emerging India “saree day” is celebrated as a special day. Thus, some of these “new” trends as regards saree aka modern day “Lehenga” apt for a Cosmo culture simply reminds one of a by gone era.

Fashion! Now & Then-

Thus, from the above, it is evident that the influence of western culture on fashion specially concerning the youth, can be seen in today’s outfits which is trying to find a balance between the original & traditional types, which again proves the mixing of the old & the new. So, what was once worn as part of daily life and was common clothing seems to have now become somewhat of a social get together clothing. Moreover, the earliest signs of the coming together of western fashion & Indian dressing was witnessed when Government of India opened the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) in Delhi with the help of the Fashion Institute of Technology, New York

This was a paradigm shift for the Indian fashion industry since now there was a formal recognition of the new forms of traditional styles influenced by western culture that has in effect generated a lot many new fashion ideas & concepts & other interesting fashionable accessories for women.

Therefore, New ways of draping the Saree came about to be known & now a day pairing it up with a fusion wear such as dhoti pants have been the new trend which in now being promoted by fashion houses among the uber crowd. What was once plain Salwar suits has now become Anarkali salwar kameez suits worn by many young women which make them look elegant and allows them to opt for vivid colours and bohemian designs.

Well, it’s all coming back, fashion is throwing back the ‘retro charm pendants’ from the ’90s, ‘baggy pants’ from the ’70s and even ‘long flashy sleeves’ that can be traced back to the 18th century. With so much happening we simply seem to be spoilt for choice, because change is good & everyone wants to move over from the old & to the new.

Thus, Crop tops, shoulder pads and even fanny packs are seeing a comeback. Also, a brisk suit with intact shoulders was a huge-trend among women in business in the ’80s & has now become a corporate wear for many working women. And again, Yoga pants, leggings and tight crop tops have now become a common trend, I suppose the credit goes to their sportive appeal.

Thus, the new idea of tradition is not to succumb to yesteryear philosophies which got handed down from one generation to the other. Rather the new idea of ethnic style is to befriend the philosophies of a bygone era & use them in relation to the contemporary sense and mood of today’s fashion.

Finally, once can safely conclude that “Changing Fashion is a law of change itself.”

Picture this: there’s this guy who seems head over heels for you. You go out a couple of times and things are starting to look really great when suddenly, he stops calling. Girls have been boggled about this guy behavior for years, when he seems really interested at first and then all of a sudden he goes missing in action.

Now you might ask what could be the reason why he suddenly starts ignoring you. Here are the possible answers.

He is afraid to show how crazy he is about you
The last thing that a guy would want to realize is that he’s slowly becoming vulnerable to one woman. He might have been hurt in the past that’s why he doesn’t want to let you know that he is crazy about you. It’s just him having a great fear of getting hurt again.

Something might have ticked him off
Reevaluate the last date you had, before he stopped calling. There might be a reason why he suddenly turned cold. It is possible that you mentioned the words marriage and commitment and these, in turn, scared him away. He also might not have liked the way you treated the waiter at the restaurant. This only goes to say that you should be careful with the way you act at all times.

He starts to really like you and has turned stiff
Some guys are really shy and they end up not knowing how to act around you. Your guy might suddenly realize that he likes you and does not know now how to treat you. To him, it would be better to ignore you rather than to go out of his shell and strike a conversation.

He already got what he wanted from you
This guy might have been using you right from the start. Do not be surprised when after you have sex, he starts to ignore you. This might be the only thing he is after all the time. Jerks as they are, a lot of women still fall for them, hence, they continue to thrive in the dating environment.

He thinks you’re not interested
Another reason why he might be ignoring you is the thought that you’re not interested in him at all. Being around you might be hard for him because he thinks he cannot have you. In order to prevent this from happening, tell him from the onset that you like him. Men aren’t good with mind reading so better show him that you care, early on.

He might be the one playing hard to get
Guys also play this fun game. He might be playing hard to get in order to give you a difficult time. This might be his test in order to see if you really like him.

He found another girl
Don’t feel bad but this actually happens. He might have lost interest in you because he found someone else. Find out if he is actually dating someone new so you don’t end up making a fool of yourself.

Many years after reading Homer’s Iliad, the opportunity to read its sequel, The Odyssey, arose when it was designated a set book for a daughter’s studies for the baccalaureate university entrance examinations. After some 2700 years of acclaim from most of the world’s great authors and literary critics, the book needs no new reviews, but it cannot fail to provoke some comment on life as it was then, and how it is now.

In evolutionary terms, 2700 years is a insignificantly small period of time. The people in Homer’s world shared much the same hopes and fears as modern people. They were intensely loyal to family and friends and hospitable towards strangers who came in peace, but hostile and often violent towards adversaries. Just as now, they suffered the rule of oligarchs and plutocrats, it was, after all, the Greeks who invented the terms, but some city states were run by benign dictators, and the hero of Homer’s tale, Odysseus, and before him his father, Laertes, had established such a reputation. The economy depended upon slave labour but unlike today the slaves were well treated, many serving their masters for a lifetime with great loyalty and affection on both sides.

The Ancient Greeks began the process of the scientific investigation of nature but the benefits in terms of practical inventions came mostly after their time. Young people today might especially note the absence of the Internet, but instead, the Ancient Greeks had the gods who performed much the same function. Just like the Internet, the gods knew everything that was happening, and had happened, everywhere. They also knew what would happen in the future although this information was more difficult to access; suppliants needed a special relationship to the service providers. Odysseus enjoyed such a special relationship with the goddess, Athene, daughter of Zeus, the King of the Gods.

Gaining access to the gods was in many ways easier than accessing the Internet; one didn’t need a computer or a mobile telephone. The only personal data required was one’s father’s name, or sometimes one’s mother’s name or the name of a grandfather. There was no need to reveal one’s email address, post code or telephone number and if a password was needed it was part of a well-known incantation, unlikely ever to be forgotten. There was, however, the need to make a burnt offering, usually parts of a domestic animal with some barley-meal and wine, and providing this could be expensive, especially if the horns of the victim needed to be gilded with gold. Then, as now, all things were possible to those who had the means to pay.

The nineteenth century British author Charles Dickens once worked as a clerk in a law firm and many of his novels’ characters were derived from clients he met during his work in the firm. In one of his novels from the 1840’s, I do not remember which Dickens’ novel, there was a colloquy between two of the characters. The first character explains the workings of a new British law that had just gone into effect to the second character. Upon hearing of the new law the second character responds incredulously: “Sir, if that is the law, then the law is an ass!” Since reading that Dickens novel whose title I do remember, I have often read of new laws or legal rulings that remind me that the Dickens character was correct in describing the “law as an ass.” Here is one case on point I remember writing about at the time.

In 2008 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit over turned a, then recently, enacted New York law that required airlines to give food, water, clean toilets and fresh air to passengers stuck in delayed planes. The law was struck down by the court that noted that though the measure was well-intentioned it was violative of federal authority.

The law had been passed after thousands of passengers were stranded for up to ten hours on several JetBlue Airways flights at Kennedy International Airport on Valentine’s Day in 2007. The passengers complained of being deprived of food and water and that the toilets overflowed. A month later passengers of other airlines were stranded aboard other airlines at Kennedy after an ice storm.

The law was challenged by the Air Transport Association of America, the industry trade group representing leading U.S. airlines. Strange that this trade group actually seemed to be advocating for passengers being deprived of food, water and clean toilets on stranded commercial airliners.

The Second Circuit held that though the goals of the law were “laudable” and the circumstances prompting its adoption “deplorable,” only the federal government has the authority to pass such regulations. The preemption doctrine provides that under the Commerce Clause federal rules protecting the health, safety and welfare of people travelling in our country must take precedent and preempt or override any state law statues that speak to the same matter. We may certainly understand the federal preemption doctrine; nevertheless we should, in this case say: “Sir, if that is the law then the law is an ass!”

See: Air Transport Ass’n of America, Inc. v. Cuomo, No. 07-5771-cv, slip op (2d Cir. March 25 2008). 2008 U.S. App. Lexis 6130

It is not that I do not like to travel; I just don’t like to leave home. I am quite comfortable at home where I have everything I need within easy reach.

Sometimes I have to travel to a conference or something, which is rather inconvenient for me. However, as my friend used to say, “That’s life.”

According to my calculations, I would have to travel 13 hours to get to my destination. I pondered for a long time whether it was worth it or not. Then the Gracious Mistress of the Parsonage said, “Go ahead. You need a break.”

What she meant by “a break,” was far from my comprehension at the time. I guess she needed a break from me, which is my personal opinion.

However, taking her advice I packed my bags and prepared for my trip on the road.

Early the next morning I loaded my vehicle and set out on my trip. I must say that driving by yourself and being alone does have its advantages. After the first hour or so, I lost track of what those advantages really were. Talking to myself is the most boring conversation I could ever have.

I got to my conference on schedule and moved into my hotel room. I had a few hours before the conference started so I was able to stretch out on the bed and relax.

Then I got up and went to the conference. For the next few days, I spent going to the conference and coming back to my hotel room. I will confess, if you promise not to tell anyone, I did have a good time and some wonderful fellowship.

The time came for me to pack up, get on the road again and go home. After packing my vehicle, I stood for a moment and sighed very deeply. Being as weary as I was, I was not looking forward to the long travel home.

In one of the towns I passed through, they had several signs. Normally I do not pay much attention to signs, but in this case, I was a little curious. After all, I was bored.

In the middle of this little town was a big sign that said “Watch the Children.” I pulled over, parked my vehicle, rolled down the window and for the next 30 minutes I looked for the children. No children were around so how could I actually watch the children if there was no children? After all, there was a sign instructing me to watch the children.

Finally, after finding no children to watch, I decided to get back in the saddle again and continue home. A few blocks later, I saw another sign, “Thrift Store in Rear.” I did not even look! Nobody is going to trick me with that! I do fall for many things, but I do have my limit.

Hour past after hour and I was getting weary, I stopped at a few places to get something to eat. Nothing really appealed to my sagging appetite. Eating on the road can be a boring kind of activity. Of course, I went to the cheapest restaurants I could find, which may explain that.

After a while, one sandwich tastes like another sandwich and my tongue falls asleep.

Driving through one town, I realized I was in Lancaster County Pennsylvania. Therefore, with that in mind, I decided to stop at a good old time country restaurant. No better place for good food.

I sat down, looked at the menu and for once in my trip, I saw some things that attracted my appetite. Ordering a very nice lunch encouraged me a little bit, although I was still a little down and had a long way to go. I was weary in body and soul.

Finishing my meal the waitress came by and ask, “Sir, would you like some dessert?” Then she handed me the dessert menu. At the time, I was not hungry.

I took the menu opened it up, and then, there it was. All the hardships and boredom of my trip had come to a complete end. I could not believe what I was seeing on that dessert menu.

I could not remember how long it was since I had one of those desserts. But there it was! A slice of old-fashioned Amish shoofly pie. That got my heart thumping! There is no dessert quite like Amish shoofly pie.

Whoever invented the shoofly pie should get the Nobel Peace Prize. I know of no peace quite like a piece of shoofly pie.

“Have you decided on your dessert?”

I looked at the waitress and smiled like I had not smiled all week.

“I will have,” I said as dignified as I could, “a piece of your shoofly pie.”

“Good choice, Sir.”

And boy, was it a good choice! I savored every bite of that shoofly pie. It made the rest of the trip a delicious delight.

Thinking of that pie was the great delight for the rest of my travel. I understood David when he wrote, “Delight thyself also in the Lord: and he shall give thee the desires of thine heart” (Psalm 37:4).

Oftentimes I get so busy that all I can think about is the task before me. I am learning that in the midst of the busiest of tasks I can experience a wonderful delight in the Lord.

Victimology is the study of crime and its victims. The perpetrator or offender is at one end of the spectrum and the victim at the other. Each represents opposing sides in the war against right or wrong. "Responsibility for one's conduct is a changing concept and its interpretation is a true mirror of the social, cultural, and political conditions of the given era," explains Stephen Schafer, in his 1968 book, The Criminal and his Victim .

Societal Attitudes

Societal attitudes towards victims rise and fall in relation to the prevailing attitude of the times. Contemporary laws, combined with the premise that the criminal is responsible for reparation to the victim, reflect the "nature of societal interrelationships and the ideology of the ruling power structure," continues Schafer. As more people become victims of crime, the more active they become in the political process in search of justice, emotional closure, financial restitution, and personal vindication. The difficulty lies not in the ideology as we always promote fairness and good deeds towards men. Instead, the difficulty lies in what to do to prevent crime and, if it occurs, determine a stabilizing balance between justice for the state and justice for the individual.

Criminal Rights vs. Victim Rights

Increased interest in the reformation of the criminal is matched by decreasing care for and the interest in the victim, "explains Schafer." It is rather absurd, "continues Schafer," that the state undertakes to protect the public against crime and then, when a loss occurs, takes the entire payment and offers no effective remedy to the individual victim. "The victim suffers a form of double-jeopardy – once as a victim, and, then again through the" hardships of the civil process, "states Schafer .

Interest in victimology and the criminal-victim relationship increased in the 1950s when Rhonda J. Milliken brought attention to the post-crime suffering of the victim. Milliken believed that the victim suffers not only from the crime itself, but also from a series of events that serve to "scar deeply and sometimes damage irreparably the human being for whose protection the public clamors," reports Schafer.

Andrew Karmen, Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology, held similar views, in 1984, when he pointed out the disparity between rhetoric and action by noting that "the protection of society and the interests of the government overshadow the demands of victims." The offenders, continues Karmen, "are provided with lawyers, housing, food, medical care, recreational opportunities, schooling, job training, and psychological counseling." However, "victims must fend for themselves."

The rights of the injured or the victim slowly began to dissolve as the state monopolized the institution of punishment. "Individual compensation, if any, was largely related to property damage and generally did not apply to personal injuries," explains Schafer. "The amount of compensation varied according to the nature of the crime, and the age, rank, sex, and prestige of the injured party," continues Schafer. The victim was evaluated by his community and punishment, reparation, restitution, and compensation were determined "in accordance with the value of the injured person." The social status of the victim determined the level of compensation allowed or provided. The lower the social status of the victim within the community, the less obliged the criminal was to compensate the victim for any harm done. "The victim became the 'poor relation' of the criminal law," states Schafer.

Founders of Victimology

Criminologists Mendelsolm (1963) and Von Hentig (1948) are credited as being the first to theorize about victimology. They were particularly interested in victims of homicide. Mendelsolm was the first to develop the idea of ​​"victim precipitation" which suggests that the victim of a crime had "an aptitude, although unconsciously, of being victimized," explains Karola Dillenburger, in a 2007 article published The International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, "A Behavior Analytic Perspective on Victimology."

Mendelsolm proposed the term "victimology" in an effort to develop an independent field of study and perhaps a new discipline. Victimology, according to Mendelshom, "is not a branch of criminology but a science parallel to it," explains Schafer. Mendelshom considered it "the reverse of criminology."

Victim Precipitation

Mendelsolm's theory of victim precipitation proposed that victims look, think, and act differently than non-victims which increase their likelihood of becoming victims. Hentig "may have been the first to suggest that the victim himself is one of the many causes of a crime," reports Schafer. Hentig held similar theories twenty years earlier and believed that "in a sense, the victim shapes and molds the criminal and his crime and that the relationship between perpetrator and victim may be much more intricate than our criminal law with its rough and mechanical definitions and destinations , would suggest, "and, therefore, continues Schafer, a" reciprocality exists between the criminal and victim. "

Types of Victims

Hentig is also credited with the categorization of victims on the basis of their personality types. Hentig labeled victim types as the depressive, greedy, wonton, and tormentor. The "depressive" types, according to Hentig, "were the easiest target" because they were careless and unsuspecting. The "greedy" types were "easily deceived because of their insatiability" and the "wonton" type was vulnerable because of their "neediness." The "tormentor" type was "attacked by the victim of his abuse."

More currently, victims are categorized based on the type of crime committed against them. There are victims of natural disasters, accidents, mass homicide, bodily injury and personal injury. This list is not all inclusive but demonstrates the variety of ways the average citizen can quickly become a victim.

Conclusion

Societal attitudes towards victims rise and fall in relation to the prevailing attitude of the times. The prevailing attitude is reflected by the ideology of the ruling power structure. Through legislative changes or presidential speeches, the pendulum swings. The pendulum swings slowly.

The pendulum swings too slowly for the victim. It has been over 66 years since Hentig first theorized about victimology. It has been over 50 years since Mendelsolm refined Hentig's theory. It has taken until the 21st century for most citizens to recognize the need to not only prosecute the criminal, but also to seek substantial ways to restore the victim through moral support and monetary means in an effort to repair the psychological damage and financial loss most victims suffer at the hands of one criminal. Instead of spending millions of dollars on one more monument to memorialize the dead, maybe we should spend more money on the living.

The history of phlebotomy is filled with dark tales of ignorance, passion and misinformation. During many occasions in its administration since recorded history, the patients who underwent this quackery were put in dire peril for their lives.

For some apparent reason unknown to modern man, the people who practiced the healing arts of ancient times, decided it would be a good idea to stick a person with some sharp implement and allow them to bleed for a while, an idea that today, would give someone with phlebotomy training the heebie-jeebies.

Don’t laugh, while we know today that this practice can have deadly results, back then, the professionals of that time were deadly serious that this was the only way to heal a patient. Can you imagine what phlebotomy certification meant back in those days?

The fact is, that even before the time of Hippocrates in the fifth century BC, the art of bloodletting was flourishing in medical circles around the world. The ancient Greeks, Egyptians and Romans all considered the blood as a means of ridding the body of bad or evil spirits. The more evil your wound or injury, the more blood was exorcised to bring you back into balance.

For a good period of time the thinking was, that your body was balanced by the four humors which included, blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. This might have seemed reasonable since when a person becomes ill, some symptoms can exhibit body fluids such as green and yellow mucus or phlegm, as well as expressing black or yellow bile from the mouth, and blood from the sinuses, vagina and rectum.

As a person’s body fought off an illness, they experienced a reduction in the amount of bodily fluids being ejected and thus the doctors of the day took that to mean that the four humors were back in balance once again.

Rather than wait for the body to heal itself, and potentially lose a hefty medical fee, the doctors were free to take a short cut and bleed the body back to health. I guess the important thing was to earn your phlebotomist salary.

Here’s a bit of information that most people don’t know. During the middle ages, the people that were specializing in bloodletting were the surgeons and barbers of the day. In point of fact if you look at the red and white pole advertising a barbers shop today, it was originally meant to advertise bloodletting services, the red stripe for blood and the white stripe for the tourniquet.

Another piece of information that few people are aware of is the fact that this form of malpractice killed a United States president. Our first president, George Washington, was suffering from a throat infection in 1799. The specialists of the day realized that the only way to save him was a quick bloodletting, and immediately withdrew nine pints of blood from his body over a twenty-four hour period.

As modern medicine progressed, little by little medical professionals found it difficult to justify the practice of bloodletting as more and more scientific evidence began to prove a lack of effectiveness in healing.

For a period of time, bloodletting was the go to procedure for just about everything that went wrong with the human body. As such, the opportunity for phlebotomy jobs was phenomenal. It wasn’t until around 1900 that it was finally exposed as total quackery and condemned by the medical profession.

Integrity in online article marketing is being question by the most prolific online article author on the Internet. Should Article Marketers Hire Writers and then claim then as their work? Although this most prolific writer did not bring up the subject the gentleman definitely has something to say about it. Indeed there seems to be a little bit of debate on the subject of some other top writers and one the best copywriters in online article writing.

The top online copywriter of course calls into question a statement made that; Article Marketers should write their own articles and not hire ghostwriters and then claim then as their work? Why? Well the copywriter successfully states that not every expert author should write their own articles because if they make a mistake then they could be sued and it would much smarter if they would hire someone in many cases to write it for them.

Regarding this issue with Experts allowing others to write their articles for them; Well if an expert in an industry does not have the knowledge to write their own articles then they are not an Expert are they? I mean if someone else is writing your articles then it is their brain and mind doing the work not the expert.

However if the article author expert pays someone to edit or re-write or even prepare a perfect article from a digital recorded comment on the subject. Well that would be a much different scenario entirely. What do you think about ghostwriters for online article marketing? Consider this in 2006.