Women who have a loose vagina tend to suffer from low self confidence in bed and do not enjoy sex as much as they used to. The problem of loose vagina generally starts once the woman crosses the age of thirty as that is the time when she has probably become a mother and also her body starts to decline leading to the vagina becoming loose.

What Shall Be Done To Make It Tight?

In recent years women have taken the help of vagina tightening surgery. Although it is very effective but it lasts until you give birth again and everyone cannot afford it as it costs around $5000 and there is always a danger of complications with surgery.

Is There An Alternative To Surgery?

Asian women are known to be very tight and have a higher fertility rate as compared to western women. Women in Asia have been using herbs for thousands of years to keep their sexual life at optimal level. They have been using herbs to make their vagina tight and in this age of internet and globalization the western world has also come to know of the rich properties and benefits of using herbal medicines.

Which Herbs Are Effective In Tightening The Vagina?

Herbs like manjikani and aloe have been actively used in Asia to tighten the vagina; these herbs help increase blood flow to the applied area and help release estrogen which makes the vagina tighter and sex more enjoyable. These herbs are made into creams and sprays and if they are applied regularly give a permanently tight vagina. One more important property of these herbs is getting rid of vaginal odor and helping cure low libido problem.

Using herbs is the best option for tightening the vagina as they are very much affordable and do not cause any side effects.

In order to accelerate delivery of content we need to make sure that the source of data is in close proxies of the end user. By minimizing distances between the content and the user, website speed can be significantly improved for an enhanced user experience and improved business prospects.

Understanding CDNs (Content Delivery Network)

Content delivery network (CDN) is primarily designed to mitigate latency by bringing content closer to end users. Imagine that you have placed content in servers that are located in USA and are targeting users from Asia. There will be a significant latency on account of multiple hops that may be required for content reach users in Asia. However, if the same content is readily available in servers that are placed in Asia, then the delivery will be much faster.

Content Delivery Network consists of a distributed network of web servers that are aimed at faster delivery of web content thatby enhancing availability and speed of websites. Since the original content is available in the form of copied content through the network, end-users are able to access the content from a CDN server that is closest to them. This significantly reduces loads on original server because numbers of users requesting content from a single server is remarkably reduced.

CDN improvements optimizes utilization of network resources while enhancing user experience to a great extent. CDN operators are approached by media enterprises or eCommerce companies to accelerate delivery of their content to their end users. CDN service providers need to engage services of hosting providers to host CDN servers in their data data centers in different locations according to presence of end users.

Significant features of CDN services

As mentioned earlier, locations of CDN servers plays a vital role to build highly efficient network that effectively improves availability and distribution of content with reference to targeted audience. Since the basic objective of a Content Delivery Network is instant delivery of requested content, the delivery nodes contain cached content that run one or more delivery applications and are placed close to end users.

Fundamentals purpose of storage nodes is to provision data to delivery nodes in the form of cached content and to protect origin servers by deploying the content in hierarchical model for facilitating tiered caching. Master nodes that store the content are known as origin nodes. Numbers of origin nodes can be increased to for preventing scalable and resilient operations. All components of CDN including routing, monitoring, and management are hosted in control node.

Deployment of CDN nodes is typically executed at multiple locations covering multiple backbones for mitigation of bandwidth costs and enhancing page load times as well as global availability of content. Different forms of CDN architectures can be designed to cater to workloads according to individual requirements.

CDNs can primarily handle three types of content including static content, dynamic content, and streaming content. Static content is produced by using standard programming languages ​​including java, php, or ruby ​​while static content such as CSS, images, and JavaScript is not associated with any change. There is a growing demand for streaming content that includes audio or video files.

Importance of CDNs for enhanced optimization

Contemporary users need to browse content on their mobile devices. Latency is an important factor to be considered for delivering content to mobile devices. Delivery to these devices must be backed by an aggressive strategy for optimization. CDNs help reduce latency for an enhanced user experience.

Every website should aim at enhancing users experience by promoting interactive and informative content. This calls for web optimization efforts to improve reasons of vital elements of websites such as file formats, images, and pages among others.

Performances of commercial websites have a direct impact on revenue earnings and overall perception of brands. One can seriously overlook performances of websites because more and more online shoppers are using mobile devices and as per one the forecasts, by end 2017, as many as 26 percent eCommerce sales will be attributed to smartphones.

It is also interesting to note that customers who are prepared to wait for around 15 minutes in supermarket queues are sure to abandon an eCommerce site that takes more than four seconds to load.

Role of CDNs in improving user experience

CDNs make the content reach across the globe much faster to improve conversion rates and user experience. These are also highly efficient in resolving latency related issues. Modern CDNs leakage cloud acceleration and Points of Presence at global locations for accelerating global delivery of content.

CDNs (Content Delivery Network) improve performance by reducing network load. Multiple edge servers reduce bottlenecks and traffic congestion at central server by intelligently distributing visitors to near CDN POPs. CDNs also improve reliability of content delivery irrespective of differences between central server and end users. These are also highly reckoned for load balancing effect since network network is effectively redirected to servers.

When I was about to embark on my first teaching assignment in Asia, a colleague with lots of overseas teaching experience there told me to take lots of lesson material. When I asked why, he said, “Because Asian students don’t ask questions”. In Canada, the US or other Western country it is normal to have a question and answer period at the end of a lesson. In Asia, forget it! Unless you have a class of students who have studied overseas, you are likely to enjoy the sound of silence.

Why don’t they ask questions? Let me answer that from my experience teaching in Thailand. It holds true throughout Asia and may vary by degree. A young child in Thailand is taught that ‘father knows best’. There is no need to think. Father will tell you what to do. In school, the teacher knows best. Copy down what the teacher puts on the board. That is what will be on the exam. There is little transfer of learning. Change the wording on the exam and most of the students will probably not be able to answer the question.

Later, in business, you don’t have to think, your boss will tell you what to do. Granted, this may be an oversimplified view but in essence it is what happens.

Now, add to that the concept of ‘face’ which is prevalent throughout Asia though virtually unknown in North America and other Western countries. If a student asks a question in class, s/he leaves her/himself open to two possible ‘loss of face’ scenarios. By asking a question, it implies that a) either the teacher did not explain the topic well enough for the student to understand – thus opening up a loss of face situation for the teacher in front of the class, or b) the students was too dumb to have understood what the teacher was saying and so the student loses face amongst her/his classmates. While this may seem ridiculous to some and a little odd to others, believe me, it is a fact of life in Asia – at least in the oriental countries.

Since neither situation is a good one to initiate, it is better to avoid the problem by not asking the question – at least not in class. The student may opt to speak to the teacher outside the classroom after class or sometime later when there is no one else around. Loss of face is a serious issue in Asia, potentially even fatal. I kid you not. Teachers in Western countries who have newly-arrived Asian students should at the very least be aware of ‘face’. These students become ‘westernized’ quickly though.

I think the situation is changing as more and more students are exposed to western thinking, teaching and culture but within Asia traditions die hard.

The ‘face’ issue goes hand-in-hand with a concept that I have termed ‘The Cyborg Effect’. If you recall the Cyborg from Star Trek in their gigantic metal cube, these creatures functioned as individual bodies but one linked mind. In Thailand, students sit in pairs generally. Ask one student a question and you will not usually get an immediate response. The student will turn to her/his partner and confer. You will then receive a collective answer. In some ways this is good. However, it makes it difficult to assess individual student knowledge.

Introduction

Pakistan lies in the North Western part of South Asia. It is bordered by China in the North, Afghanistan in the North-West, Iran in South-West, Arabian Sea and Indian Sea in the South and India in the East. Pakistan, as evident, is located at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East making it an easy linking point between Central Asia and South Asia.

There have been significant immigration movements, in the areas now constituting Pakistan since pre-historic times. The people of Pakistan are descendants of different racial groups and sub-racial stocks, who entered the subcontinent over the past 5000 years, mainly from central and western Asia from time to time. Yet unlike the popular misconception, it always maintained its identity and individuality separate from its neighbor India who claimed that Pakistan was a part of Aakhand Bharat (Undivided India) on the basis of history. Hence its partition from India is totally unjustified. But thousands of years of history of the sub-continent tells a different story. It tells us that the areas called Pakistan today had consistently remained as a single, compact and a separate geographical and political entity since ancient times.

Few people would be aware of the true history of Pakistan still; few would know that the oldest stone tool in the world, dating back to 2.2 million years was found at Rabat, about fifteen miles away from Rawalpindi and the largest hand Axe was found in the Soan Valley. And to top it all, the site of the first settled life in the world dating back to the 8th millennium BC has been found at Mehergarh in the Sibi districts of Balochistan. Although Pakistan, as an independent country dates only from August 14th, 1947 and the nation itself can trace its beginnings only to a few centuries ago, yet the territories of Pakistan are heir to one of the richest and the oldest civilizations and settlements of the world.

Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization or the Harappan Civilization[i] is one of the most fascinating and the oldest civilizations ever known. It flourished between 3000 and 1500 BC by the banks of River Indus or Sind in Pakistan. This civilization existed along the Indus River in present day Pakistan with its main centers at Mohenjodaro in Sind, Harappa in the Punjab, Kej in the Baluch territory and Judeiro Daro in the Pathan region. It is generally believed that the inhabitants of Indus Valley Civilization were Dravidians who came to sub-continent from eastern Mediterranean.

This civilization reached its climax around the two metropolitan centers of Mohenjodaro and Harappa. These cities are well known for their impressive, organized and regular layout. They were the centers of arts and crafts. According to John Marshal, the Harappan people were literate and used the Dravidian language [ii] which is one of the world’s first known languages. Their chief occupation was agriculture and trade. The civilization is notable for its strong central government, sense for art and architecture and house planning.

Flood is considered to be the destroyer of this culture due to which agriculture got disrupted and trade routes affected which led majority of the population to migrate to other fertile lands. Those who were left behind fell victim to the Aryan invasion. The civilization lasted for fifteen hundred years.

Arrival of the Aryans

In about 1700 BC, Indus Valley people saw the arrival of new horse-riding nomads from Central Asia leading to the eventual decline of their prosperous and sophisticated Indus Civilization. The Aryans came in at least two major waves in Pakistan. The first wave came around 2000 BC and the second wave came at least six centuries later. It was after the second wave of Aryans invasion that they became dominant and their language spread over the entire length and breadth of the region. They entered through the Swat Valley from the northwest mountain passes and pushed the local people or the Dravidians (the people of Indus Civilization) southwards or towards the jungles and mountains in north. They settled first in Punjab and Indus Valley and then spread eastward and southward. Unlike Indus people Aryans were uncivilized race. Their religious texts and human remains suggest that the Aryans were violent in their invasions. They killed the inhabitants and burnt their cities. A similar view was opined by Stuart Piggot in his book Pre-historic India:

“The Aryan advent was in fact the arrival of barbarians into a region already highly organized into an empire based on a long established tradition of literate urban culture”.

Besides being sturdy fighters Aryans were also skilled farmers and craftsmen. They were the worshippers of nature and their religious books were called Vedas. Aryans were tall, well-built and; had attractive features and fair complexion while the inhabitants of Indus Valley were black, flat nosed and of short stature. The Indus people submitted to the superior Aryans and became their slaves. This fact later became the basis of Caste system in order of superiority such as Brahmans (priest) Kashatryas (warriors) and Vaisyas (business community and commoners). The Dravidians were placed in fourth and termed as Sudras (slaves).

Persian Empire

In the 6th century BC, Darius invaded Pakistan and made the Indus plain and Gandhara part of his Persian Empire of the Achaemenid, with his capital at Persepolis in Iran. It was from then onwards that the city of Taxila began to grow and the region saw the rise of another great civilization called the Gandhara Civilization covering most of the northern Pakistan with capitals at both Pushkalavati (Charsadda) and Takshka-sila (Taxila).

As part of the Persian Empire, the region once again rose to zenith. Trade with Iran and the west resumed once again, economy flourished, weapons and other objects of daily use were produced. Charsadda and Taxila became the centers of activity. One of the greatest universities of the ancient world was founded at Taxila. It was at this university that Chandra Gupta Maurya got his education, who later founded the Maurya Empire in South Asia. This prosperous Achaemenian Empire that extended from Pakistan to Greece and Egypt, however, collapsed under the onslaught of Alexander of Macedonia.

Alexander’s Invasion

Alexander entered Pakistan from the northern route at Swat and conquered the Gandharan region between 327 and 325 BC. He reached Taxila first. The Raja of Taxila knowing Alexander’s vast army’s reputation gave him a welcome instead of resistance. Alexander stayed at Taxila for sometime then came across Raja Porus who was the ruler of the territories east of Jehlum. He then went up to River Beas from where his army refused to go further, so he then came down through the entire length of Pakistan, crossed the Hub River near Karachi and departed for home dying on the way. Alexander’s invasion brought Greek knowledge and science to Taxila.

Up till here it is notable that during each settlements and invasions may that be of the Indus Valley Civilization, Aryans or during the half a millennium period after Aryan’s migrations and during the Persian Empire, Pakistan always stood as a separate entity from India and the period covered by these settlements is about 2200 years.

Mauryan Empire

Alexander’s untimely demise at Babylon in 323 B.C resulted in the breakup of his vast empire in to two parts (The Byzantine Empire and Bacterian Greeks). The control of this region therefore fell into the hands of native dynasties and tribes. Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of Maurya Empire who marched into the Gangetic plains, defeated the Nanda Kings and established a strong government at a place called Magadha (present Bihar). However, it should be noted that he ruled from India but he was a son of Potohar region and a Prince of Taxila. He followed Jainism. His grandson Ashoka was a Buddhist.

As the Mauryan rulers did not took into Hinduism and promoted either Jainism or Buddhism, they became subject to Hindu’s criticism. Hindu’s through their scheming and conspiracy managed to put an end to Mauryan Dynasty and instead gave birth to Brahman origin dynasty of Singhas followed by Kanvas and Indras. These dynasties ruled southern and central India but proved to be weak and short lived.

Graeco-Bactrian Rule

The Bactrian Greeks arrived in Gandhara in 185 BC, about 50 years after the death of Ashoka. They were the decedents of Alexander the Great’s armies from Bactria (now Balkh, in northern Afghanistan). They built Greek cities at Taxila and Pushkalavati (Charsadda) and introduced their language, art and religion in the country of Gandhara. Their language lasted more than 500 years and their art and religion had considerable influence on the Gandhara Civilization. The most powerful of the Bactrian Greek ruler was Menander (mid-second century BC). The Graeco-Bactrian rule lasted for only a century.

The Sakas

After the Graeco-Bactrian, Pakistan was divided into several small Greek Kingdoms who fell prey to the great wave of Scythians (Sakas) who migrated on an extensive scale. They were the nomads of North Iran. Sakas overthrew the Greek rulers and established their control all over Pakistan. The Sakas settlements were so vast that Pakistan came to be known as Scythia. Gandhara became the center of the Saka domains, and Taxila was chosen the capital. The Sakas or Scythians were tall, large framed and fierce warriors. They were splendid horsemen and expert in lance. Sakas were followed by the powerful Parthians from east of the Caspian Sea, in about 20 AD.

The Kushans

The Kushans from Central Asia established the Kushan Empire in Indus Valley. The third king of this dynasty Kanishka was the most successful ruler. His reforms earned him fame. Like his predecessors he also took active interest in Buddhism. Kushans made Peshawar their capital. The Kushans period is considered the golden age of Pakistan and brought great wealth and prosperity to the region with the development of the Silk Route to China. It came to be known as Kushana-shahar, the land of the Kushans. It was the Kushan kings who gifted the national dress of shalwar(shirt), kamiz(trousers) and sherwani to Pakistan.

After Kanishka’s death, his successors failed to keep the Empire intact. The result of which was that some of its parts were captured by Sassanians of Persia. In the 4th century a new dynasty of Kidar (little) Kushans came to power and established their capital at Peshawar. At more or less the same time Gupta Empire came in to power in the neighboring country of India and annexed a vast area of the sub-continent yet it did not went beyond Sutlej and did not included Kashmir. So during the Gupta period, Pakistan was in the hands of Kushans and Sassanians.

White Huns

The Huns were the nomad tribe of China’s western borderland who after conquering Central Asia and Iran invaded Pakistan from Central Mongolia. Their chiefs were called ‘Khans’. The particular branch of the Huns, which came to Pakistan, is known as Epthalite or White Huns. One of their mighty rulers was Mehar Gul whose capital was Sakala (present Sialkot). They killed Buddhists and burned all the monasteries. Their conquest completely eliminated the Gupta regime. The origin of majority of the Afghan-Pathan tribes and Rajput and Jat clans of Punjab and Sind, according to modern scholars, are descendents from White Huns. The fall of the Hun rulers resulted in emergence of petty kingdoms which caused deterioration in political, social and economic condition until Muslims came in the scene.

Arab Invasion

During the Rajput’s period in north India i.e., 7th to 12th century AD the light of Islam penetrated into this part of the world. Islam arrived in Pakistan from two directions, south and north. In 711 an Arab expedition under a 20 year old Syrian Muhammad Bin Qasim arrived by sea to suppress piracy on Arab shipping and established control of the sub-continent as far as north of Multan and built up a kingdom of Al-Mansurah in Sind. Mohammad bin Qasim conquered Sind and ruled it for about three years before being recalled and killed. After Mohammad Bin Qasim’s departure, Muslim rule got confined to Sind and southern Punjab only. However, from this period onward Pakistan was divided into two parts for a long time; the northern one comprising of the Punjab and NWFP and the southern one comprising of Multan, Sind and Balochistan under various Muslim rulers.

The Turks

In 10th century AD, Turkish descendents having their capital at Ghazni attacked this region. They migrated from central Asia and played a prominent part in the political life of the sub-continent for about 200 years. The Ghaznavids, a Turkish dynasty which rose in Afghanistan, succeeded the Arabs and under the leadership of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, established Muslim rule in the sub-continent. Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznah or Mahmud Ghaznavi, son of Turkish King of Ghazni namely Sabuktgin invaded Pakistan from the north. Gandhara, the Punjab, Sind and Balochistan all became part of the Ghaznavid Empire, which had its capital at Ghazni, in Afghanistan and later at Lahore.

With the arrival of Muslims Turks also came the Sufis and dervishes from Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan who through their teaching spread the message of Islam all over the country. Some of them are Sheik Ismael, Syed Ali Hajveri, Ganj Shakar, Moeen-ud-Ajmeeri, Nizam-ud-Din Oliya, Baha-ud-din Zakiria and Khawaja Moeen-ud-din Chishti. It was due to these pious saints and Sufis that Islam spread to the entire length of the sub-continent. The city of Multan became famous as the city of Saints. Though Ghaznavid rule in Pakistan lasted for over 175 years but Mahmud did not annexed any area beyond Ravi. He contented himself with the annexations of the Punjab only. He was neither a robber nor tyrant as written by some historians. His reputation as a great patron of culture and literature has remained undiminished to this date. It was under his patronage that the well known epic Shahnama was written by Firdawsi.

The Ghaznavid Kingdom came into conflict with the rulers of Ghor who destroyed the city of Ghazna reducing it to ashes. Ghors were Oghuz Turks of Ghor in Afghanistan. Sultan Muhammad of Ghor and his slave lieutenant Qutb-ud-din Aybak raided sub-continent and captured Delhi in 1193. Ghori was a brave soldier and able administrator but not as brilliant as Mahmud Ghaznavi. However, Ghori left a lasting impact on the history of India. He is reputed to be a mild and benovelant man and a just ruler. He had not any heirs. He trained his slaves in warfare and administration. It was Aybak, one of his slaves who became his successor after Ghori’s assassination in 1206.

After the death of Ghori, his slave Qutab-ud-Din Aybak established the first Turkish Slave Dynasty (1206-90), which lasted for over 300 years. Aybak was the most trusted general of Muhammad Ghori and was given the administrative control of some of the conquered lands. He initially made Lahore as the capital but later moved to Delhi thatswhy the slave dynasty is also referred as the Sultanate of Delhi. However Aybak’s reign was short lived (5 years) and he was succeeded by nine other slave kings. Among his successors, his son-in-law, Iltutmish (1211-36), Raziyya Sultana (1236-1239) and Balban were the most famous. Balban is remembered for his strong centralized government. With his death, the dynasty declined and the final blow came in a form of a Jalaluddin Firuz Khilji. The Sultanate period brought the greater part of the sub-continent under its control and established Muslim Rule on firm grounds.

The Sultanate period also saw the rise and fall of 4 other dynasties in rapid succession: the Khiljis (1290-1320), the Tughlaqs (1320-1413), the Sayyids (1414-51), and the Lodhis (1451-1526). The Khiljis were Turks by origin but had resided in Afghanistan so long that they were no longer regarded as Turks. They took control of the sub-continent in a form of a coup. Among them the Alao-Din-Khilji, was the most famous as he had a great impact on the history of India. He was efficient, imaginative and strong ruler. The Khilji Empire lasted for 30 years. The Khiljis were succeeded by the Tughluqs who consolidated the Muslim rule and revived the empire. The Tughluqs restored the public works of utility such as forts and canals and reestablished law and order. The Sayyids and the Lodhis followed next and their rule remained till 1526 when Babur founded the Mughal Empire.

The Mughals

‘Mughal’ is the Persian translation of the word ‘Mongol’ from which we get the English word ‘mogul’ meaning ‘tycoon’. The Moguls were the last of the Mongols. In the 16th century, Zaheeruddin Mohamed Babur, the first Mughal Emperor and a descendent of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, raided the Punjab from Afghanistan and defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, at the historic battle of Panipat and founded the Mughul Empire. Babur was succeeded by his son, Humayun in 1530. Humayun was ousted by the Sher Shah Suri, who ruled the empire until his death in 1545. Humayun who went into self exile in Persia returned and regained the throne in 1554 but died two years later. He was succeeded by his son Akbar. Akbar was the greatest of the Mughal Emperors and ruled the longest period. He improved the centralized administrative system and was a great patron of art and literature. Mughal art and architecture reached its height under Akbar’s son Jahingir reign, and later under his grandson Shah Jahan. They left a heritage of magnificent mosques, palaces, tombs, forts and gardens which can still be seen in Lahore, Multan, Jehlum and other places. Auranzeb succeeded Shah Jahan and who ruled from 1658 to 1707. He was a pious man and an efficient administrator. With the death of Auranzeb, the great Mughal Empire (1526-1857) disintegrated.

In 1739, Nadir Shah of Persia invaded the region and after his death Ahmed Shah Abdali founded the kingdom of Afghanistan in 1747. Then in the early 19th century, the Sikhs pushed the Afghans back to the Khyber Pass. Ranjit Singh, the famous Sikh leader made Lahore his capital and ruled from 1799 to 1839. The Sikh rule collapsed under the British and thus ended the Muslim rule in the subcontinent. However it should be noted that unlike Britishers “Muslim rule in India was established by immigrant elite. The Muslims didn’t rule India from a distant homeland, nor were they members of a dominant group within the Indian Social community”.

The British Period

The British arrived as merchants with the British East India Company at the beginning of the 17th century and gradually became involved in Indian politics and finally, after the battle of Plassey in 1757, began to conquer the sub-continent. By 1843, Sind was completely in their control. They defeated the Sikhs in 1845 and 1849 in Anglo-Sikh War.

After the First War of Independence in 1857 (also known as the Sepoy Mutiny), the British Government took direct control of Pakistan. This marked the beginning of the British Raj (British Rule), and in the name of Queen Victoria the British continued to expand their empire. Hunza on the Chinese border was the last area to fall into British hands, in 1891; only Afghanistan and some western most areas of Pakistan continued to remain outside their control. They demarcated the Durand Line in 1893 to separate Pakistan from Afghanistan. The British had a strong influence on modern Pakistan. They not only introduced their administrative and legal systems, but also brought with them their culture, language, art and architecture, some of which can still be seen in Pakistan today.

The Struggle for Pakistan

After the unsuccessful First War of Independence in 1857, the British determined to suppress and weaken the Muslims, whom they held mainly responsible for the uprising. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-98) made one of the first attempts to restore Muslim status by founding the Aligarh Movement. Muslims formed a political party with the name of Muslim League under the chairmanship of Nawab Salimullah Khan in 1906 at Dhaka. Yet it was only when Jinnah assumed the leadership of Muslim League in 1936 that it became a dynamic, national organization of the Muslims.

In 1930, a Muslim poet and a philosopher Dr. Muhammad Iqbal proposed the creation of a separate Muslim state for those areas of the subcontinent with a Muslim majority. His proposal was adopted by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a British trained lawyer and Pakistan’s first head of state. This idea of a separate Muslim state in the sub-continent to be called Pakistan took the form of a resolution adopted by the Muslim League in 1940 at its Lahore session. This was the Lahore resolution that came to be popularly known as Pakistan Resolution. The philosophy on which it was based is called Two Nation Theory, which emphasized on the individuality of Hindus and Muslims stating that these two nations have their own civilization, culture, historical heritage and religion due to which they can not live under a single country. This provided the basis for Pakistan.

The British realized that they would have to relinquish their hold upon the sub-continent so on 20th February 1947; the British Prime Minister Mr. Lord Atlee announced that the British Government would hand over the power of the sub-continent to its natives. It was finally agreed that the sub continent should be partitioned and the power will be handed over to the two states at Independence on the mid-night of 14th and 15th August 1947. Thus the Muslims struggle under the dynamic leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah bore fruit; the sub-continent won Independence from English and Pakistan was created as a sovereign and independent Muslim state on 14th August 1947.

It was decided that Pakistan would comprise the eastern (present Bangladesh) and western (present Pakistan) wings of the country. The Muslims living in Indian region had to migrate to Pakistan. This migration was accompanied by terrible violence and bloodshed not to mention various problems of division Pakistan had to face in the hands of uncooperative Indians.

Independent Pakistan

The world has always known two different countries and cultures in the sub-continent; one based on the Sindhu or Indus (Pakistan) and the other on the Ganges Valley (India) known as Bharatvarta. The Sindhu country with its Harappan Civilization had its control from Rupar on upper Sutlej to the lower reaches of the Indus on the Arabian Sea, the territory now covered by Pakistan. The Sindhu Land was always notable for its independent existence, completely detached from Gangetic Valley or India.

Moreover, Pakistan as an independent country always looked westward and had more cultural, commercial and political connections with the Sumerian, Babylonian, Persian, Greek and Turks than with the Gangetic Valley. During the 5000 years of Pakistan’s known history, Pakistan remained part of India for a total period of 711 years of which 512 years were covered by the Muslims period and 100 years each by the Mauryan (mostly Buddhist) and British periods. Pakistan had remained either independent or part of powers at west and its attachment to India was only an exception.

This may be the reason that there is barely any Hindu architectural influence in Pakistan and instead of Hinduism; Islam shapes the lives of most Pakistanis. Moreover, Hindus themselves have always regarded Yavanas (the inhabitants of Pakistan) in those days as impure and outside the limits of Aryandom. So Pakistan as a part of India is a weak theory having no historical grounding. It was indeed the famous Two Nation Theory formulated by Iqbal and realized by Jinnah that led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Notes:

[i] Called ‘Indus Valley’ by John Marshall, Mohenjodaro and the Indus Valley Civilization pp.i-iii (London, 1931), and ‘Harappan’ by Stuart Piggott, Prehistoric India (London: Pelican Books, 1950), p. 132.

[ii] Quoted in Ancient Cities of the Indus, Gregory L. Possehl (ed), Carolina Academic Press, New Delhi, 1979, pp. 105-107.

References:

1. Dani A H. Pakistan: History through the centuries. [Online] [Cited 2009 April 2] Available from: heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/history1.html

2. Shaw I. Pakistan Handbook. The guide book company Ltd. Hong Kong. 1989.

3. Abdulla A. The historical background of Pakistan & its people. Tanzeem Publishers. Karachi. 1973.

4. Possehl G L (ed). Ancient cities of the Indus. Carolina Academic Press. New Delhi. 1979.

5. Rahman T. Peoples & languages in pre-Islamic Indus Valley. [Online] [Cited 2009 April 2]. Available from:

inic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html

6. Haroon A. Muhammad Bin Qasim to General Pervaiz Musharraf: Triumphs, tribulations, scars of 1971 tragedy & current challenges. KRL Post Office Box 502. Rawalpindi. 2000.

7. Piggot S. Pre Historic India. Penguin Books. 1950.

8. Akhtar R (ed). Pakistan Year Book 1974. East & West Publishing Company. Karachi.

9. Elliot H M & Dowson J. The History of India as told by its own historians: The Muhammadan Period. Vol. 1. Trubner & Co. London. 1867-1877.

10. P.M Holt, Ann K.S, Lambton & Lewis B(eds). The Cambridge History of Islam: The further Islamic Lands, Islamic Society & Civilization. Cambridge University Press. 1970.

11. Hardy P. The Muslims of British India. Cambridge University Press. London. 1972.

In Asia the Chiropractic profession is in its early development stages since the profession began in America 120 years ago, in 1895. Today there are some 100,000 Doctors of Chiropractic (DC) throughout the world where in some regions there are barely a handful of in practice while in other regions the development of the profession allows every community in their country access to one DC for every 5,000 population; in stark contrast to the 1: 4,000,000 ratio in the Philippines.

Similarly the formation of professional associations in each country has its own personal history of survival, struggles and eventually greater success in serving the needs of its communities and individual practitioners.

In Europe, similar to Asia, when each country has less than 100 DCs, the task of formalizing the profession within its country was daunting so, by necessity, the European Chiropractic Union (ECU) emerged and demonstrated the valuable role of collective regional representation.

In those days there was no World Federation of Chiropractors (WFC) so the case for the ECU was not difficult to accept. The next regional group to form in the shadows of the ECU was the Eastern Mediterranean Chiropractic Association that later expanded to include almost of the Arab speaking countries, renamed the Eastern Mediterranean & Middle East Chiropractic Federation. Latin America and SE Asia were next but only the Latin American Federation of Chiropractic (FLAQ) succeeded, mainly due to their common culture and languages, Spanish and English. In Asia, the only common language is English, a second language to most, but more significant are the vast cultural differences making it most challenging to succeed. The SE Asian Association failed in the late 1990s and it was re-organized, re-structured by encompassing the entire region to include “down under” and the Pacific Islands, called the Asian Pacific Chiropractic Doctors Federation (APCDF). The last Federation to form in 2013 is for Africa.

As in Europe and Latin America, perseverance for the development of APCDF typically falls on a small group of people who remain steady for decades in their active and supportive roles within their country and to a lesser degree in support of the APCDF. It is worthy to mention many of them here:

Dennis Richards, DC Australia | Laurence Tassel, DC Australia

Patrick Montserrat, DC Bali | Henry Chan, DC Hong Kong

Bruce Vaughn, MsCh Hong Kong | Amit Nanda, DC India

Tony Dawson, DC Indonesia | Kei Takeyachi, DC Japan

Graham Hunt, MsCh Malaysia | Thomas Ong, DC Malaysia

Martin Camara, DC Philippines | Michel Tetrault, DC Philippines

Janet Sosna, DC Singapore | Terrence Yap, DC Singapore

Taeg Su Choi, DC South Korea | David Chen, DC Taiwan

(Apologies for missing some we may have overlooked)

Since the formation of the WFC, now of 25 years in duration, holding the International position of representing its members, the Chiropractic National Associations (CNAs ) of the world, there are a small dissident group of DCs in Asia who feel that the WFC is sufficient to serve their support needs and that the APCDF is redundant. As an active associate member of the WFC for over 15 years it is clear that the mandate and the capacity of the WFC to locally assist CNAs in Asia is extremely limited in both financial and manpower support.

The WFC’s International role is undeniably important but in most situations it cannot be very effective in local critical matters. Its policy of “national self-governance” has resulted in dedicating available resources to focus on Education, Research and representation at the World Health Organization (WHO), areas of truly International impact.

Countries with a rich 50+ years of professional development in the APCDF region are Australia and New Zealand with the largest number of DCs and chiropractic schools and sharing similar cultures and language with the other advanced countries in the world. Asia and the Pacific Islands cannot claim much advancement with most countries having less than 100 chiropractors. Survival is the more accurate descriptive of their CNA if such exists and each country is confronting similar limited manpower and financial resources that severely limits its professional development within their borders.

The APCDF is at the same time also in its infancy, so it is up to the few key individuals who volunteer their time and finances to help build the organization to become more effective in supporting CNAs in its Federation region. It continues to be useful to look at the ECU model to guide the APCDF’s organizational development. One small but significant contributing factor in the ECU advancement came from the personal wealth and time gifted by just a few dedicated individuals of social standing; and so today the ECU can boast an annual budget of more than one million Euro that permits significant support for its member associations.

The APCDF will be well served by fostering its own beneficiaries committed to the development of chiropractic in the Asia Pacific region. If your heart and personal integrity is attracted to being one of these few dedicated supporters, you are welcome to pursue that interest and go to their website to introduce yourself.

There are unique problems that exist in the Asia Pacific region that cannot be met by the WFC, beyond strategic support. It really does fall on the leadership of each CNA to meet the challenges within their borders. Going at it alone is frustrating, with little internal participation by DCs in their own country who are just focused on their practices, family and economic survival. Meeting with colleagues of equal dedication through the APCDF activities brings much needed moral support, leadership training and the “out of the box” perspective in problem solving capacities that arise from a collective mind.

In time the APCDF Annual Assembly will mirror the successes of the ECU and recent regional activities of the EMMEF and FLAQ, not to be left behind. It cannot be emphasised enough how more challenging it will be for such a region rich in cultural diversity to function within a common organization and to effectively meet common needs.

The status of chiropractic in the Asia Pacific region currently looks like this:

2 countries are fully developed with 1 DC for every 5,000 population in Australia and 1 DC for every 10,000 people in New Zealand. 3 other countries have over 100 DCs with their own war stories of forming and maintaining their CNA; namely Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore. All three suffer internal dissent and multiple associations or groups of common interests or ideals. Countries with less than 50 DCs may or may not have a functioning CNA. These are India, Sri Lanka, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia; Philippines, Indonesia, Papa New Guinea and a handful of the Pacific Islands such as Cook Island,Guam, Mariana Island, New Caledonia, Samoa and Tahiti. The remaining countries have yet to attract a single known permanent chiropractor.

Perhaps if we were to take a contrarian view to gain perspective… what would the Asia Pacific region look like in 50 years without the APCDF? That prompts many questions:

Will South Korea overcome its illegal status permitting the chiropractors to avoid imprisonment for electing to practice their profession? Will Japan consolidate its many associations and overcome the complex conditions that prevail because of the unqualified courses in chiropractic? Will chiropractic schools hold to CCE standards or will we see a plethora of hybrid schools such as we see in Indonesia, Japan and China today? What will that look like with many schools bastardizing chiropractic education and creating a sub-class of chiropractors that brings much public confusion and professional development problems in these affected countries that could bleed over to neighbouring countries, like Japanese intrusion of fake chiropractors in the Philippines?

Will China and Vietnam permit freely meeting professional organizations? Will India finally interest its expatriate chiropractors to return home and establish chiropractic schools to increase DCs in serious numbers? How long will it take Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore to match the advancements of Australia and New Zealand? Will CNAs be directed by the goodwill and integrity or by social class and vain interests of its leaders?

What challenges are to be experienced because of the strong presence of traditional alternative professions in Asia? Will CNAs still regulate its members or force local government and medical societies to get involved in the regulation of DCs? What challenges will be experienced when organized medicine decides to view the profession as a competitor in Asia? Will there ever be any DCs in the poorest countries?

The ECU now boasts a fully institutionalized organization that is able to support the former USSR countries entrance into chiropractic, relying on the strength of its advancing European member countries. The WFC is equally institutionalized in Public Health, Education, Research and representation at the WHO. The Bi-annual Assembly offers countries with some logistics and an exchange to bring their concerns and plea for assistance within their borders.

The APCDF has a long way to go to become as effective as these regional organizations; however, the long-term needs of the Asia Pacific region will be reached sooner and inter-regional harmonization of the profession accomplished by affording the APCDF the fullest support and broadest participation of its full and active CNA membership. The idea that the chiropractic profession in the Asia Pacific region can manage without the leadership role of the APCDF sounds quite preposterous. What do you think?

Spanning an area of over 80 acres, Malaysia’s premier theme park in Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, has thrills and spills to offer people of all ages! Divided into three sections – the Wild Wild West, World of Adventure and Waters of Africa, a day out in Sunway Lagoon is a fun-filled encounter to remember!

In the Wild, Wild West, take a walk on the wild side, to the days where cowboys and Red Indians ruled the Western frontier. Meet with cowboys and cowgirls in the authentically-built cowboy town and enjoy old-styled salons and thrilling rides for the whole family! Other great rides include the Buffalo Bill Coaster, Butch Cassidy’s Trail and Colorado Splash.

The World of Adventure offers more breath-taking rides as excitement is the name of the game here!

See majestic Bengal tigers roam in their enclosure or step into the Adventure Park and see the largest collection of scholar rocks in the world.

Ride through tunnels, bobby traps and tarantulas on the Lost City of Gold. After that, take a boat ride of a lifetime down Pirate’s Revenge, Malaysia’s first and only 360-degree rotating pirate ship that swivels you 24 m up the ground.

Next up is the amazing journey through the Waters of Africa! The only African-themed water park in Malaysia, the Waters of Africa has some amazing rides such as the Congo Challenge; a six-lane race where visitors can race to the finish line at speeds of 40 kmph!

Then there’s a wave pool at Jeffrey’s Bay, the largest man-made surf pool in the world. Surfers can show off their skills here during competitions to find the best surfer!

For the children, the Kalahari Kids is a special playground built to resemble an African village complete with huts and Masai warrior guarding the entrance

Wildlife Interactive Zoo

Feed, sit and talk to some of our furry and scaly locals

Take a step on the wild side at Malaysia’s first fully interactive animal themed attraction. Come face-to-face with Civets, Binturongs, Hornbills, Kites, Eagles, Gibbons, Pythons, Peacocks, Pheasants, Squirrel Monkeys, Macaws, Cockatoos and other domestic animals.

Watch our talented birds perform tricks, pose with the python and pet the guinea pigs and rabbits at the petting enclosure. Learn more about animals and their natural habitats and the delicate nature of the earth’s eco-system through these unique hands on approach taken to enrich young minds.

Want to know more about Sunway Lagoon, Pls Visit Http://www.sunwaylagoon.com

Myanmar is a country in Southeast Asia and was formerly known as Burma. Yangon is no longer the capital of Myanmar; however it is still the largest city of the country as demonstrated by its population of over four million. The city is also notable for having the greatest number of colonial buildings in all of Southeast Asia. Additionally, Yangon features many pagoda festivals, museums, art galleries and parks and is Myanmar’s main center for tourism. The health care sector in Yangon is in its developing phase and only a few hospitals provide health care service at international standards. This is a note on some of the better hospitals in Yangon.

Asia Royal General Hospital is one of the hospitals in Myanmar that does offers medical service at international standards. The hospital is located at No. 14 Baho Street, Sanchaung Twp. This 11 story multidisciplinary hospital was established in 2000. The hospital’s most reputable section is its cardiology department. The surgery department is also quite modern and offers service in every division including reconstructive surgery, pediatric surgery and laparoscopic / endoscopic surgeries. The emergency care service of the hospital offers 24-hour service and has its own specialized residential doctors and nurses. Round the clock ambulance service and airport pick-up are also available. The hospital has modern Intensive Care Service as well. The computerized laboratory of the hospital conducts all types of tests and has external quality assurance programs from Australia. The radiology section has been provided with the newest devices such as Siemens 550mA (Germany), Shimadzu Japan, Polymobil 250mA (Siemens) and Mobile X-ray generator SAXO 60mA (Apelem, France). Telephone: 95-1 538055.

International SOS Clinic located at the Inya Lake Hotel on 37 Kaba Aye Pagoda Road, is another health care facility in Yangon that offers modern medical service. International SOS is one of the world’s most well known healthcare and medical assistance companies and this hospital is the first SOS International clinic in the nation of Myanmar and has been offering excellent service since 1995. The hospital offers modern medical service in all major branches of medicine and operates many remote site health care programs. The services of eminent physicians and experienced nurses are available in the outpatient section. Family practice consultations are provided in English, Japanese and French as well. The center is furnished with laboratories and diagnostic services and is supplied with every type of medication are available in the pharmacy. The round the clock emergency department has a spacious ward equipped with newest monitoring and resuscitation equipment. Ambulance services are also available. Telephone: 95 1 667 879.

Yangon General Hospital situated at Lanmadaw 11131, Yangon is Myanmar’s flagship hospital in the public sector. This size of this hospital is demonstrated by its eight wards, 1500 beds and over twenty departments. YGH provides cost effective clinical and surgical service in more than 24 specialties. The hospital has facilities for radiotherapy, CT scan, EEG as well as nuclear medicine scan and EEG. YGH is furnished with a modern critical care unit, an emergency department and with special clinics for diabetics, dentistry, burn care, epilepsy, pain treatment and skin care. Telephone: 256 112.

The Philippines is a jewel in the crown of South East Asia. Ancient historical sites and cultural delights await the keen traveler seeking an exotic holiday with a difference.

Explore old Manila and discover the ancient walled city and the ruins of Port Santiago. Travel to upland Buigio and see The Mansion, the President’s summer residence, and stop off at the beautiful Crystal Caves, composed of crystalline rocks.

Gaze in awe at the rice terraces of Banaue which were carved more than 2,000 years go and encircle the mountainside.

Visit Bohol Island and exclaim at the amazing natural wonders which include the limestone hills resembling oversized chocolate drops. You can also see Baclayon Church which dates back to 1595.

Don’t forget Cagayan de Oro-the gateway to the most beautiful islands in the Philippines. But wherever you end up, from ancient ruins, or a beach paradise, you will think you’ve discovered paradise.

Say the word Thailand and most people immediately picture exotic beaches, but there is so much more to Thailand than impossibly white sand.

Take a memorable trip across the River Kwai Bridge at Kanchanaburi, built by the Allied prisoners during WWII. Admire the skills of the kite fighters, or watch a Thai Kick-boxing match which takes place every day in Bangkok or the provinces.

Drift through Bangkok’s floating market or dive with the sharks in the Siam Ocean World. Travel down to Phang Nga Bay and try your hand at sea canoeing or kayaking through the spectacular limestone islands.

Travel up to the Northern provinces and ride an elephant. Visit the Golden Triangle where Thailand, Laos and Myanmar meet. Or if all this is too much, cast off all your cares with a traditional session of mediation, or learn the art of massage and herbal medicine at ancient Wat Pho.

China is a deeply secretive country, rarely penetrated by western visitors, yet it has much to offer those seeking an alternative vacation with a difference. The Forbidden City in Beijing should be top of your list, followed by The Great Wall which covers 4,000 miles and can be seen from space. How about the Terracotta Warriors: they are a breathtaking site to behold with thousands of life sized figures, all having unique faces, hair, and amour.

Visit the Karst Mountains in Yangshuo, or the Yangtze River and the Three Gorges Dam. Jiuzhaigou Valley in Sichuan province is famous for its crystal blue lakes and multi-level waterfalls and is a superb place to experience Tibetan local culture.

And don’t forget to feed and play with the giant Pandas in the Wolong Nature Reserve. Finally, no visit to China would be complete without experiencing Hong Kong with the Bank of China Tower and Kowloon Harbor.

Thailand is the biggest manufacturer of silver jewellery followed by China (Hong Kong) and Italy. Importing from professional jewellery exporters is usually very simple and straightforward. Sterling silver jewellery should bear the mark “925” as this will indicate it is made from metals with a 92.5% silver content.

Some buyers seek to purchase silver jewellery based on its weight. This is one way to buy silver jewellery at the bottom of the market but it does not work so well when you are trying to value higher quality jewellery with superior settings and finishing. Also be aware that many silver jewellery designs are often unnecessarily heavy which will only push the price in an upward direction.

Many retailers will agree that plain silver rings are the best selling items followed by dangling type hook earrings. But if you buy rings then you need to understand which sizes are the most popular. Normally in Western countries, for ladies rings, size 8 and 7 are the most popular followed size 9.

Cubic Zirconia Jewellery or CZ as it is sometimes called is also a fast seller especially Clear and Black Stones. Cubic Zirconia (CZ) is available in many different grades so buyers should check with vendors to find out which grade is actually being offered. You should also check to see if the Silver is Rhodium plated or not.

Jewellery that is rhodium plated will be far less likely to tarnish or blacken but the plating process does add to the cost of production. One of the biggest advantages of rhodium plating is that it makes silver look highly polished which perfectly compliments CZ settings.

There are many jewellery trade shows in Asia and many silver jewellery manufacturers in Asia. However, most large suppliers will insist on orders of at least 50 pieces per design. Therefore for independent retailers and small traders it will be important to find a wholesale supplier that does not insist on a minimum order. It is also important to see if any potential supplier will offer you a money back guarantee if you are not pleased with what you have ordered.

Import duties on silver jewelry are not charged in most developed nations except in the European Union where the rate is 2.5%.

For shipping, most suppliers will offer different delivery methods including registered airmail, Express Mail and by couriers such as UPS. Delivery times will vary according to delivery system used. If you want door to door service use UPS as they will deal with any customs procedures.

Here are the most important things to bear in mind if you are considering buying Wholesale Silver Jewellery from Asian sources:

Does the supplier insist on a minimum order quantity? This will be important if you want to firstly place a test order. Does the supplier offer a reasonably large selection of the latest designs? Do they offer unique items that might not be so available elsewhere? Does the supplier offer a professional export service? What shipping options can they provide? Can they speak your language? This will be very important if you have any problems to resolve. Does the supplier offer a meaningful guarantee?

Batik printing techniques and goods have long had a very prominent presence apart from well known producers such as India and Africa. South East Asia is one of those regions where it has long been deeply rooted in the cultures of countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. And they are still very active in the industry today. Malaysia has traditionally been a key player when dealing with batik in this region. Ultimately, the Malaysian government has long been working to turn Malaysia into a regional hub for all things batik.

Some parties have claimed that batiks from India as well as Indonesia are superior but that does not mean Malaysian goods are bad by any stretch. It is deeply integrated in society here, particularly in local government events. It is also standard practice for all government officials in Malaysia to don a batik shirt for all official events. This is more of an understood rule rather than one enshrined in local laws and it stems from the time of Malaysia’s independence from British rule under the reign of Tunku Abdul Rahman.

Malaysian prints are mainly produced in two states located in the north east. Both the states of Kelantan as well as Terengganu have been very active producers for the global market. Nowadays however, production seems to be geared more for international demand rather than local demand. Those from younger generations tend to look upon batik clothing with disdain as they are deemed to be old fashioned.

This isn’t all bad news as the market for batik internationally has been growing by leaps and bounds. It is both viewed as beautiful and exotic by those from foreign countries. Combined with the power of the internet, such goods are no longer out of reach for foreigners. With a credit card plus a few clicks of the button, they can be delivered directly to your doorstep. It is for this reason that Malaysia has been actively seeking significance and recognition for the benefit of local producers.